Exercise Physiology

Give 5 methods for increasing breath hold time.

why does breath hold time decrease post exercise?

What device do we use to measure lung volumes? Give three causes lung volume might vary.

Define tidal volume. Give an approximate value for this.

Define the inspiratory reserve volume. Give a standard value for this measure.

Give some evidence for why PaO2 falling cant be the reason for increased drive to breath.

What happened when participants held their breath maximally then were given asphyxiated air?

What happened when participants held their breath and just before they stopped their breath hold tried to breath against their epiglottis?

Define the exhalatory reserve volume and give normal values for this measure.

Breath holding is achieved by suppressing the ____ of ________, not simply suppressing rhythm.

Describe the results of the study where participants were totally paralyzed using curare, and the ventilator turned off. suggest some limitations of this study.

Describe the results of the study where participants were totally paralyzed using curare, and the ventilator turned off. suggest some limitations of this study.

Define the vital capacity and give a standard value for this measure.

Define dynamic lung capacity.

Give an equation for working out pulmonary airflow capacity.

Give some evidence to show that ventilation in healthy people is not a limiting factor in sports performance.

Give some evidence to show that ventilation in healthy people is not a limiting factor in sports performance.

Women have smaller lung volume than men, what are the implications of this?

Define minuet ventilation and give a normal value for this measure.

Explain in terms of alveolar ventilation why increasing the frequency of breathing without increasing volume is not beneficial for us.

What happens to breathing rate and breathing volume when we begin to exercise. What percentage of vital capacity would we expect tidal volume to reach after moderate exercise?

Define ventilation breakpoints.

Give some evidence to suggest why acidosis is not a reason for our respiratory break point.

Give one method that has been used to eliminate the possibility that muscle metabolites are the only control of ventilation rate.

What type of receptor controls ventilation rate when we exercise or stretch?

True or False. During exercise our PaO2 levels decrease while our PaCO2 levels fall. Explain why

Define PaO2 and PAO2

Give some reasons for our reduced sensitivity to hypoxia.

If we see damage of the Z lines what effect does this have on the contractile properties of the fiber?

What is the purpose of increasing ventilation rate when we are at altitude?

Give a step by step description of events for a plasmalemma tear.

Why are we more sensitive to carbon dioxide than oxygen with respect to increasing respiration rate?

What receptor detects PaCO2? Where does it feed to in the brain?

What is increased pain sensitivity called? Give some reasons we might expect to see elevated pain, short and long term, in muscles post exercise causing DOMS.

Over what time scale post exercise would we expect NGF to peak?

Explain evidence that peripheral chemoreceptor aren't important during exercise?

Breathing rate is ____ to metabolic rate

Describe the differences between arterial and venous PaO2 during exercise. Give some implications of this.

Suggest some potential reasons for respiratory control.

It was thought PCr decreases was the cause of fatigue as they can no longer maintain the ATP generation. Give some evidence which disproves this.

What is a good indicator of muscle fatigue?

AMP levels are dependent on what reaction? Name the product from the reaction which down regulates the use of ATP to prevent further, potentially harmful decreases in ATP, and give the mechanism for this down regulation.

inorganic phosphate (Pi) increases in fatigued muscles but what does this effect within the muscle fiber?

Give some causes of muscle death.

What type of exercise will maximize the DOMS we receive?

What is the effect of eccentric contractions vs concentric contractions on maximal voluntary force production?

How long before the effect of DOMS is experienced? How long can we expect the swelling to last on average? Give one factor which influences the level of swelling.

Give two indicators of muscle damage.

How long can we expect plasma creatine kinase to remain elevated for post exercise?

In development what stage do type I fibers begin to emerge?

Muscle fiber type can mainly be explained thought ...... and .......

What is the effect of endurance training on muscle fibers?

What effect does strength training (e.g. weight lifers) have on muscle fibers?

What effect does speed and power training have on muscle fibers?

Explain what cross innervation is and how it can help us show what causes the change in muscle fiber type when we train.

Define weakness and Fatigue.

Describe the different contractile activity patterns for type I and type IIx fibers.

What is cardiomyoplasty, and what process do we undergo to ensure the muscle works are required?

Give sites of muscle fatigue (7 in total)

Describe the effect of altitude on muscle fiber type.

What happens to our muscles as we age?

what percentage of muscle mass can we expect to lose by the time we reach the age of 70?

Give the three main ways of measuring muscle mass?

Explain why elderly people experience a loss of muscle activation compared to younger people.

Give the two general reasons for atrophy.

If we see an M wave while stimulating the muscle electrically, what can we say about the site of fatigue?

Protein synthesis and degradation change ...... after moment stops.

Explain we elderly people experience the mosaic effect of muscle fibers.

What chemical might affect the sodium potassium pump after intense exercise.

Suggest one thing which may effect the rate of decline in strength, speed or skill as we age.

what effect does immobilization have on muscles to cause atrophy?

True or false, high activity can stop the process of aging occurring.

Describe the differences in the M wave at different frequencies of stimulation.

Describe how motor units are remodeled during aging.

In a maximal contraction what happens to the electrical stimulation level, and to the M wave?

Describe how stretch of a muscle can influence the atrophy or hypertrophy of the muscle.

When stimulating our muscles, ____ firing rate prolongs maximal contraction. Explain the implications of this.

Describe the effect of temperature (specifically hypothermia)on central command to muscles.

Describe the excitably of a fatigued muscle compared to a rested muscle.

When we increase the frequency of stimulation what happens to the transit Ca2+ in the muscles?

When our muscles are fatigued, why do we sometimes struggle to pick up a heavy suitcase?

Excitation failure is not a result of ______frequency fatigue , but would be associated with ______ frequency fatigue. Give an example of low frequency fatigue and what we would exspect to follow it.

Explain what is meant by calcium ion kinetics in relation to muscle fatigue, and give reasons why this is not likely to be the reason for slowing of muscle relaxations.

What is a muscles contraction speed dependent on?

Explain why power decreases significantly more than force and velocity when muscles become fatigued.

Myosin heavy chain I is a ... fiber.
Myosin heavy chain IIa is a ... fiber
Myosin heavy chain IIx is a ... fiber

Give a potential mechanism for how acidosis could cause fatigue at maximal intensity exercise. What has been done to disprove this as the only mechanism for muscle fatigue.

the muscle fiber type IIX is found in .... while type IIb is found in ....

How can we use stains to determine fiber type of a muscle sample?

How can we measure the levels of calcium in muscles?

Fiber type is the reason the amount of power we can maximally produce. True or False, explain why.

Give the metabolic profile of an oxidative muscle fiber.

Give the metabolic profile of an Glycolytic muscle fiber.

State either High, Medium or Low for each fiber type for the following; Glycogen, ATPase activity, Volume of mitochondria and number of capillaries.

Does a single motor units control all the same fiber type?

Define motor unit.

Explain why type IIX fibers are the last ones we recruit.

how many fibers can you expect per motor unit? what does the number of fibers in a motor unit do the dexterity of a muscle?

Define flexibility.

Define flexibility.

Give 5 factors affecting range of movement.

Hyperflexability can result in more/less injuries than having normal joints?

Define lordosis.

Define scoliosis.

Having muscle looseness can result in increased/decreased running oxygen efficiency. This means running efficiency is positive/negatively associated with a sit and reach score.

Explain what happens to a muscle when it is fixed in a shortened position for example when in a hard cast.

Define Afferent and Efferent nerve fibers.

Explain why increasing muscle length might increase power.

What structure maintains the negative gradient within cells?

What is a counter movement?

In an iosmetic contraction the muscle is thought to not move at all, but in fact there is small movements even though the limb isn't moving. Explain why this is.

Describe how an action potential happens. Also explain hoe repolarisation occurs.

Give the two types of summation, explaning what each of them mean.

Give the three types of receptor which make up joint proprioception.

Give the two types of receptor which make up muscle proprioception.

Explain why when we tap our tendon with an object we see our leg move.

Give three things a muscle chemo receptor are sensitive to, and what would your muscle chemo-receptors help to control.

Describe the sections of the brain involved in performing a moment in the order they are used.

The autonomic nervous system controls our internal environment. Give the two separations of the autonomic nervous system, how they affect our body and what the main neurotransmitter used is.

Give some ways exercise might improve brain health and function.

What are the two main contractile structures of muscle?

What ionic molecule regulates the interaction between myosin and actin?

Give the order of muscle arrangement going from the largest to the smallest.

What anchors Myosin, why is this molecule necessary?

Myosin has may iosforms, what does the word iosforms mean? What is the isoform of Myosin we would expect to find in muscle cells?

What is the function of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum.

New muscle fibers are slow/fast contracting. What do they contain different from a normal muscle cell?

What is the name of undifferentiated muscle fibers?

Describe the effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine release for a set workload and for a %VO2 max before and after training.

Give some examples of the hormones released at the Adrenal Cortex

What is the function of Aldosterone?

What does Cortisol do?

Define homeostasis.

Define steady state.

Define Metabolism.

Define anabolic and catabolic metabolism.

Define bioenergetics.

Give two things that can effect enzyme activity.

What enzyme is required for the transfer of chemical energy from phosphocreatine to ATP.

ATP breakdown is only ___% efficient.

Explain what happens to ATP production at the onset of exercise, and also what happens to oxygen consumption. Talk about how an oxygen debt may be formed.

Trained/untrained people have a lower oxygen debt. Suggest 3 reasons why this is the case.

What processes of reducing oxygen debt would you expect to see during the initial rapid section of EPOC?

What causes of EPOC would you expect to see in the slow stage of recovery.

Define lactate threshold.

What percentage of VO2 max would you expect someones lactate threshold if they were either trained or untrained?

What is a Ductless endocrine gland? Describe size of the effect.

Define hormone.

What are the three classes of hormone?

Give three things a hormones effect on tissue is dependent on.

What things can influence a hormones concentration in the body?

Describe how up-regulation may change how a hormone effects a tissue.

Give three ways a hormone may affect a cell. (4 in total)

How would a steroid hormone effect a cell?

How might hormones effect enzymes?

Describe what Allosteric modulation is?

The ____ controls secretions from the pituitary gland.

How do Growth hormones act upon tissue to cause growth?

What do growth hormones do to our body?

Suggest why growth hormone might not lead to increases in strength despite increases in muscle size.

What does ADH do, where is it released and would what signal for its release?

The Adrenal medual releases ...

How does epinephrine act during exercise? Does nor-epinephrine act in the same way?