Scientific Inquiry Exam 2

Question 1 of 42

1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is typical of qualitative research?

Select one of the following:

generalizability
subjectivity
richness of data
small number of participants

Explanation

Question 2 of 42

1

Mech et al. (2010) used which of the following to obtain data for their paper "Eavesdropping on Happiness?"

Select one of the following:

a confederate
a camera hidden behind the mirror
a device that records sounds
transcripts of phone records

Explanation

Question 3 of 42

1

Research done on "Genie" (who had limited language development) & H.M. (who had amnesia) tend to involve what sort of research?

Select one of the following:

participant research
archival research
case studies
psychobiography

Explanation

Question 4 of 42

1

Which of the following is an ADVANTAGE of systematic observation?

Select one of the following:

Interrater reliability is never a concern
It allows the researcher to focus on specific behaviors
It records all of the participant's actions during the study period
The data is anonymous, so data are always confidential

Explanation

Question 5 of 42

1

In which of the following types of study would reactivity be the GREATEST concern?

Select one of the following:

anonymous surveys
participant observation
archival research
meta-analysis

Explanation

Question 6 of 42

1

Which of the following IS a match between a type of survey & a limitation of that type of survey?

Select one of the following:

online survey: possible sampling bias due to limited access to technology
personally administrated survey: reactivity
mail-in survey: long response times
all of the above are correct matches

Explanation

Question 7 of 42

1

Which of the following scales is demonstrated below?

Select one of the following:

Likert scale
Semantic differential scale
Ratio scale
Wong-Baker scale

Explanation

Question 8 of 42

1

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Are you not satisfied with your online service provider?"

Select one of the following:

Leading questions
Double-barrelled questions
Negative wording
Yea saying

Explanation

Question 9 of 42

1

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Do you support government-provided health care for children & senior citizens?"

Select one of the following:

Leading questions
Double-barrelled questions
Negative wording
Yea saying

Explanation

Question 10 of 42

1

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Do you believe that Candidate X deserves to be removed from office after the many scandals that he was involved in?

Select one of the following:

Leading questions
Double-barrelled questions
Negative wording
Yea saying

Explanation

Question 11 of 42

1

What flaw does the question demonstrate? The "national service" video from the Yes Minister TV show clip in class.

Select one of the following:

Leading questions
Double-barrelled questions
Negative wording
Yea saying

Explanation

Question 12 of 42

1

is a low-cost sampling technique that runs the risk of introducing bias, while costs more but is less prone to bias.

Select one of the following:

stratified random sample : simple random sampling
haphazard sampling : purposive sampling
quota sampling : simple random sampling
cluster sampling : haphazard sampling

Explanation

Question 13 of 42

1

Which of the following is MOST clearly a risk of pretest-posttest designs?

Select one of the following:

non-random assignment
practice effects
low inter-rater reliability
sampling error

Explanation

Question 14 of 42

1

In a matched-pairs design:

Select one of the following:

the value of one dependent variable is matched with the value of another
a member of the control group is matched with a member of the experimental group
the score on a pretest is matched with the score of a posttest
a score provided by one rater is matched with a score provided by a different rater

Explanation

Question 15 of 42

1

In which of the following designs is assignment to groups a concern?

Select one of the following:

within-subjects
between subjects
psychobiography
multiple baseline

Explanation

Question 16 of 42

1

Suppose that you are evaluating a smoking cessation program in your community. At the same time, the city puts up anti-smoking advertisements all around the laboratory. This would be an example of which of the following problems?

Select one of the following:

restrictions of range effects
mortality effects
history effects
haphazard sampling

Explanation

Question 17 of 42

1

Suppose that a researcher uses a post-test only design to investigate the effects of a mediation technique on mood. The researcher recruits 40 participants, randomly assigns them to 2 groups. One group receives meditation training before taking a questionnaire on their mood. The other sits in a quiet room for the same length of time before taking the questionnaire. As it happens, the experimental group is in a spacious area for the meditation training, while the control group is in a cramped classroom. The clearest potential problem with this design is:

Select one of the following:

a practice effect
a ceiling effect
a confounding variable
attrition

Explanation

Question 18 of 42

1

What is the purpose of a Latin Square design?

Select one of the following:

to prevent sampling bias
to ensure random assignment to groups
to control for order effects
to reduce the effect of within subject variability

Explanation

Question 19 of 42

1

Which of the following describes a procedure that counterbalances for order?

Select one of the following:

When conducting an interview, call the participants into the interview room in a random sequence that is not known in advance by the experimenter.
When conducting an online survey, present the questions in a random order.
Recruit 30 participants. Expose them to condition A first, then condition B, then condition B again, and then condition A again.
Recruit 30 participants. Expose 15 to condition A first, then condition B. Expose 15 to condition B first, then condition A.

Explanation

Question 20 of 42

1

Which of the following is NOT involved in a staged manipulation? (Choose the best answer)

Select one of the following:

the behavior of the other "teacher" in Milgram's obedience study
the Bringing in the Bystander program used in Banyard et al.'s study on sexual violence
the Monopoly game rules in Piff's "Does Money Make You Mean?" study
taking away the lucky charm for photographing in the superstition study

Explanation

Question 21 of 42

1

Identify the dependent & independent variable.
Compared to children, adults are bad at learning language. This is counterintuitive; adults outperform children on most measure of cognition, especially those that involve effort (which continue to mature into early adulthood). The present study asks whether these mature effortful abilities interfere with language learning in adults & further, whether interference occurs equally for aspects of language that adults are good (word-segmentation) versus bad (Grammar) at learning. Learners were exposed to an artificial language comprised of statistically defined words that belong to phonologically defined categories (grammar). Exposure occurred under passive or effortful conditions. Passive learners were told to listen while effortful learners were instructed to try to 1) learn the words, 2) learn the categories, or 3) learn the category order. Effortful learners showed an advantage for learning words while passive learners showed an advantage for learning the categories. Effort can therefore hurt the learning of categories.
Q: A dependent variable in this study is:

Select one of the following:

effort expended
how well the words are learned
whether the participants are instructed to learn words or categories
the age of the participants in the experiment

Explanation

Question 22 of 42

1

Consider the following paragraph from the Method section of the paper on page 3.
After exposure, participants completed 2 forced choice tests: (1) a word-level test in which they were asked which of two words was more likely to belong in the language they just listened to, and (2) a sentence-level test in which they were asked which sentence was more likely to belong in the test were randomized separately for each subject. In these 2 tests, there were 3 types of interest: word segmentation, order & category structure. All word segmentation items occurred in the first, word-level, test and all of the order & category structure occurred in the second, sentence-level test.
Q: Which of the following best describes the design of this study?

Select one of the following:

independent groups
repeated-measures
longitudinal
pretest-posttest

Explanation

Question 23 of 42

1

Consider the following paragraph from the Method section of the paper on page 3.
After exposure, participants completed 2 forced choice tests: (1) a word-level test in which they were asked which of two words was more likely to belong in the language they just listened to, and (2) a sentence-level test in which they were asked which sentence was more likely to belong in the test were randomized separately for each subject. In these 2 tests, there were 3 types of interest: word segmentation, order & category structure. All word segmentation items occurred in the first, word-level, test and all of the order & category structure occurred in the second, sentence-level test.
Q: If the word-level test was always carried out first, this could potentially lead to:

Select one of the following:

two-way interactions
expectancy effects
carryover effects
demand characteristics

Explanation

Question 24 of 42

1

The Solomon four-group design is a compromise between which types of design?

Select one of the following:

post-test only & pretest-posttest
quantitative & qualitative
staged & straightforward
three-group & five-group

Explanation

Question 25 of 42

1

Which of the following is most clearly a way to overcome a floor effect?

Select one of the following:

Reduce the number of levels of the independent variable
Increase sample size
Change the range of the manipulation of the independent variable
Measure the dependent variable with a ratio scale

Explanation

Question 26 of 42

1

The double-bind design reduces the likelihood of:

Select one of the following:

sampling error
expectancy effects
demand characteristics
A & B
B & C

Explanation

Question 27 of 42

1

Early studies of childhood development by Jean Piaget underestimated the rate of development because participants could not express that they knew or understood something. Which of the following best describes the problem with Piaget's studies?

Select one of the following:

Attrition
Sensitivity of the dependent variable
Ceiling effects
Carryover effects

Explanation

Question 28 of 42

1

Which of the following is an example of a pilot study (based on the definition of the term from class?)

Select one of the following:

A researcher tests children's reading levels before assigning them to groups in an experiment
A researcher has participants rate the scariness of movie clips before using them as stimuli in a study of the psychological effects of movie violence
A researcher replicates and experiment with an additional control condition in order to remove a potential confound
A researcher recruits a small number of participants for a study but stops collecting data after the first few participants do not conform to the researcher's hypothesis

Explanation

Question 29 of 42

1

Which of the following is NOT a typical role of debriefing in experimental research

Select one of the following:

to reveal deception used in the study
to answer the participant's questions
to understand the participant's experience during the experiment
to encourage the participant to discuss the study with others

Explanation

Question 30 of 42

1

According to the text, which of the following is the final step in conducting research?

Select one of the following:

testing the hypothesis
debriefing the participants
communicating the findings to others
conducting follow-up studies

Explanation

Question 31 of 42

1

Filler questions in some psycholinguistics studies serve to:

Select one of the following:

lengthen the study in order to give participants more experience with the task
disguise the manipulation in order to reduce demand characteristics
control for differences between individual words (which would otherwise be confounds)
ensure that each participant is exposed to the full range of experimental stimuli

Explanation

Question 32 of 42

1

The following 3 questions is a table i will take photo and send to you on whatsapp!

Select one of the following:

This one
-

Explanation

Question 33 of 42

1

Which of the following would most likely be a PV in a PV x IV design?

Select one of the following:

a personality trait
the dosage of a psychoactive drug
reaction time in response to stimuli
type of psychotherapy received during the experiment

Explanation

Question 34 of 42

1

Which of the following is a correct description of the graph shown on the right? Assume that differences between conditions reflect differences in the population.

Select one of the following:

a crossover interaction
2 independent main effects
a main effect of Factor A
a main effect of Factor B

Explanation

Question 35 of 42

1

Suppose that the owner of a coffeeshop introduces a promotion where they offer a coupon for discounts on a movie ticket with every cup of coffee. The owner runs the promotion for one month in May. The shop sold 1000 cups of coffee per day in April, 1250 cups of coffee per day in June. The owner interprets this as a sign that the promotion was effective. This procedure is most similar to the:

Select one of the following:

ABA reversal design
sequential method
pretest-posttest control group design
multiple baseline design

Explanation

Question 36 of 42

1

Which of the following points did Kathryn Shultz make about how it feels to be wrong?

Select one of the following:

It is a useful tool for solving scientific debates
It results from irresponsibility and poor preparation
It motivates us to avoid mistakes in the future
It feels the same as being right

Explanation

Question 37 of 42

1

Bonus: In class, I described an experiment that I conducted which had a 2x2x2x3x3 factorial design. What was the result of this experiment?

Select one of the following:

It served as a pilot study for a series of other experiments
My advisor would not let me run the experiment
I published the study in a peer-reviewed journal
I had a 5 way interaction, so I gave up

Explanation

Question 38 of 42

1

Which of the following best describes what to do when you find significant main effects & significant interactions in a 2x2 factorial design?

Select one of the following:

Ignore the interactions & focus on the main effects
Describes the effects separately for each level of one of your variables
Remove levels of the variables from the design until there are no more interactions
Give up, since the experimental data are not interpretable.

Explanation

Question 39 of 42

1

Which of the following is NOT a plausible rationale for using a quasi-experimental design instead of a conventional experimental design?

Select one of the following:

You are studying a life-saving intervention & do not want to turn away anybody for treatment
You are studying an intervention that affects the whole community, so a control group is impractical
Each participant has a different standard for "success" or "failure", so the effectiveness of your treatment cannot be measure quantitatively
Each participant in treatment voluntarily signed up for the program, so selection bias may make your sample different from the rest of the population

Explanation

Question 40 of 42

1

In the sequential method, you would collect data from:

Select one of the following:

participants who were all the same age, and follow them for an extended time
participants who were all the same age, but only once during the study
participants who were a range of ages, and follow them for an extended time
participants who were a range of ages, but only once during the study

Explanation

Question 41 of 42

1

The purpose of propensity score matching is to deal with potential confound introduced by:

Select one of the following:

haphazard sampling techniques
non-equivalent control group
demand characteristics
expectancy effects

Explanation

Question 42 of 42

1

Which of the following is an example of a situation where regression to the mean could MOST plausibly provide an alternative explanation for my result?

Select one of the following:

In one year, I do not conduct review sessions for my PSY250 class. Students in that class do worse on average than students in previous years. Conclusion: I should offer review sessions every year from that point in.
I ask students during Midterm 2 if they are confident that they will do well. There is no correlation between confidence & performance. Conclusion: Students should attend review sessions even if they think they are doing well in class.
I ask the 10 students with the lowest grade on Midterm 1 to attend a compulsory review session before Midterm 2. Their scores on Midterm 2 are on average better than Midterm 1. Conclusion: My review session was effective.
I ask my students if they have any questions about the exam during a review session. None of them says anything in response to my question. Conclusion: None of the students have any questions.

	Created by Zaneta Chan about 8 years ago

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Scientific Inquiry Exam 2

Question 1 of 42

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is typical of qualitative research?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 42

Mech et al. (2010) used which of the following to obtain data for their paper "Eavesdropping on Happiness?"

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 42

Research done on "Genie" (who had limited language development) & H.M. (who had amnesia) tend to involve what sort of research?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 42

Which of the following is an ADVANTAGE of systematic observation?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 42

In which of the following types of study would reactivity be the GREATEST concern?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 42

Which of the following IS a match between a type of survey & a limitation of that type of survey?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 42

Which of the following scales is demonstrated below?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 42

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Are you not satisfied with your online service provider?"

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 42

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Do you support government-provided health care for children & senior citizens?"

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 42

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Do you believe that Candidate X deserves to be removed from office after the many scandals that he was involved in?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 42

What flaw does the question demonstrate? The "national service" video from the Yes Minister TV show clip in class.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 42

__________ is a low-cost sampling technique that runs the risk of introducing bias, while __________ costs more but is less prone to bias.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 42

Which of the following is MOST clearly a risk of pretest-posttest designs?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 42

In a matched-pairs design:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 42

In which of the following designs is assignment to groups a concern?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 42

Suppose that you are evaluating a smoking cessation program in your community. At the same time, the city puts up anti-smoking advertisements all around the laboratory. This would be an example of which of the following problems?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 42

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 18 of 42

What is the purpose of a Latin Square design?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 42

Which of the following describes a procedure that counterbalances for order?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 42

Which of the following is NOT involved in a staged manipulation? (Choose the best answer)

Select one of the following:

is a low-cost sampling technique that runs the risk of introducing bias, while costs more but is less prone to bias.