List 4 reasons why transport systems in animals are needed

What do most circulatory systems have in common?

What is a mass transport system?

What is an open circulatory system?

What is the haemocoel?

What is haemolymph?

What does haemolymph transport?

Describe the basic structure of an open circulatory system in an insect

What is a closed circulatory system?

What is a single closed circulatory system?

What happens in the two sets of capillaries that blood passes through in a single closed circulatory system?

Why are the activity levels of animals with a single closed circulatory system relatively low?

How are fish able to have high activity levels with only a single closed circulatory system?

What is a double closed circulatory system?

What is the structure and function of elastic fibres in blood vessels?

What is the function of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

What is the function of collagen in blood vessels?

What is the function of arteries?

State the 4 layers of tissue in an artery

What is the function of endothelium in blood vessels?

What is the function of the elastic layer in veins and arteries?

What is the function of the muscle layer in blood vessels?

What is the function of the collagen outer layer of blood vessels?

What are arterioles?

What is the difference between arteries and arterioles?

What are capillaries?

What is the average diameter of a capillary?

How are capillaries adapted to their role?

Where do veins carry blood to?

Where do arteries carry blood to?

What is the main vein carrying blood from the body to the heart?

Why do veins have valves?

What are the walls of veins made out of?

How are veins adapted to transport blood at a low pressure and against gravity?

What does blood plasma carry?

What is albumin?

What is fibrinogen?

What are globulins?

What are megakaryocytes?

Define oncotic pressure

What is hydrostatic pressure?

What are erythrocytes?

Compare the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures at the arterial end of a capillary and describe what this does to the movement of water between it and the tissue fluid.

What is tissue fluid?

Compare the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures at the venous end of a capillary and describe what this does to the movement of water between it and the tissue fluid.

Where does 10% of the tissue fluid that leaves the blood vessels go to?

Why are erythrocytes biconcave shaped?

Why do red blood cells have a short life?

How many oxygen molecules can bind to one haemoglobin molecule?

What is positive cooperativity?

How is a steep oxygen concentration gradient maintained between air in alveoli and red blood cells?

Describe the change in saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen as partial pressure of oxygen increases

Describe the change in saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen as partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases

Why is the bohr effect important?

How does fetal haemoglobin differ from adult haemoglobin and what effect does this have?

What are the three ways carbon dioxide is transported form tissues to lungs?

What happens to most of the CO2 in red blood cells?

What enzyme catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water in the cytoplasm of red blood cells?

What is the chloride shift?

Why is important for carbon dioxide to be converted into hydrogen carbonate ions in red blood cells?

What happens to carbonic acid in red blood cells when the blood reaches lung tissue?

What happens to hydrogen carbonate ions when the blood carrying them reaches lung tissue?

How are H+ ions removed from erythrocytes?

Describe the process of deoxygenated blood being pumped across the heart.

What do the tendinous chords in the heart do?

Describe how oxygenated blood is pumped through the heart.

What is the inner dividing wall of the heart?

What occurs during diastole?

What occurs during systole?

What does cardiac muscle being myogenic mean?

Describe the nerve impulse process in the heart

What is tachycardia?

What is bradycardia?

What is an ectopic heartbeat?

What is atrial fibrillation?

What is arrhythmia?