Respiration

What is the normal V/Q value for a single alveolus?

What is the normal V/Q value for a healthy lung?

Where are neural signals from respiratory mechanoreceptors sent to?

What factors affect breathing?

What do respiratory chemoreceptors detect?

Where are peripheral receptors found?

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

Do peripheral chemoreceptors have a major or minor role in moment-moment breathing control?

What nerve do peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch send their neural signals along?

What cranial nerve do peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus send their neural signals along?

Where do peripheral chemoreceptors send their neural signals to?

How are central chemoreceptors activated?

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

What is the term to describe increased PCO2 levels?

Where do central chemoreceptors send their signals to?

What are chemoreceptors more sensitive to change in: PO2 or PCO2?

What effect do central chemoreceptors have on the lungs?

What is the ratio of expired CO2 to O2 uptake?

What three ways can CO2 be transported in the blood?

What is the bicarbonate buffering system?
[Write out the reaction]

Have a look at the bicarbonate buffering equilibrium.
What side does the pulmonary circulation favour and why?

Have a look at the bicarbonate buffering equilibrium.
What side does the systemic circulation favour and why?

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

What are the main properties of respiratory and circulatory systems that facilitate gas diffusion?

What is the equation to calculate partial pressure?

What is the equation to calculate partial pressures in airways?

In what ways is oxygen carried in blood?

How much O2 per 100ml of blood is carried for each PO2 mmHg?

Where is hemoglobin found?

What is hemoglobin made up of?

To which part does O2 bind to hemoglobin?

What measures O2 saturation and how does it do it?

What type of airways take part in gas exchange?

What area is classed as respiratory airways?

What are the conducting airways made up of?

How much air always says in conducting airways?

What is unique to pulmonary arteries?

How much air can alveoli hold?

What cells are contained within alveoli?

Describe type 1 epithelial cells.

Describe type 2 cells.

What does surfactant do?

What does the pulmonary circulation carry?

What is carried by bronchial circulation?

What are the functions of the upper airways?

What type of cells within the upper airways filter the air and how do they do work?

Describe quiet breathing.

What are the differences between quiet breathing and strenuous breathing?

What muscles are involved in the expiration of active expiration in strenuous breathing?

Name the inspiratory accessory muscles.

What is transpulmonary pressure?

What is a normal resting tidal volume?

What are the values for alveolar pressure?

What are the values for pleural pressure?

What is ventilation?

What is perfusion?

What is a FEV1/FVC ratio and what is a normal value for healthy individuals?

How do restrictive lung disease affect FEV1/FVC ratios?

How do obstructive lung diseases affect FEV1/FVC ratio?

REVISE GAS GRADIENTS
~ES MUY IMPORTANTE~

What is anatomical dead space?

What is physiological dead space?

Is pleural pressure more negative at apex or base?

Where does the most ventilation take place- at base or apex of lung?

Choose the correct option:
Increased/Decreased compliance and increased/decreased resistance cause underventilation of alveoli

What is an anatomical shunt?

What are the consequences of an anatomical shunt?
(in terms of alveolar ventilation and distribution of blood flow)

What are the consequences of a physiological shunt?
(In terms of alveolar ventilation and distribution of blood flow)

What do respiratory mechanoreceptors detect?

What activates respiratory mechanoreceptors?

What nerve do respiratory mechanoreceptors send their neural signal through?