CHAPTER 12: THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA
Section 1

Explain why a plan was needed for Reconstruction of the South.

govt./Congress could not decide how southern states would reenter the Union
southern economy needed to be rebuilt
the rights of former slaves were unclear

Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress.

Lincoln --> 10% Plan (if 10% of state's voters took loyalty oath to Union, state could set up new govt.; if state's constitution abolish slavery and provided education for blacks, state would regain representation in Congress)
Johnson --> southern states --> ratify 13th Amendment; draft constitution abolishing slavery
Congress --> Civil Rights Act of 1866 (created federal guarantees of Civil Rights); if states refused 14th Amendment, state would lose seats in House of Representatives

Discuss Johnson’s political difficulties and impeachment.

blacks were not equal/should not vote
states' rights to run its own govt.
disaggrements w/Congress over southern blacks
vetoed Civil Rights Act of 1866
tried to fire last Radical Republican in his cabinet w/o asking Senate
House of Representatives failed to impeach him

Section 3

Explain why Reconstruction ended.

Compromise of 1877 (Hayes --> president; federal troops removed from South; southerner appointed powerful cabinet position; southern states guarenteed money for building railroads/improving ports)

Evaluate the success and failures of Reconstruction.

successes --> restoration of Union; southern economy rebuilding/public school systems developing; blacks granted citizenship/votingrights/education/jobs/housing
failures --> southern citizens in cycles of poverty; blacks persecuted/had limited voting

CHAPTER 13: THE TRIUMPH OF INDUSTRY
Section 1

Analyze the factors that led to industrialization in the United States.

U.S. had abundance of natural resources --> fuel for industry
workforce grew with immigrating Europeans/Asians
entrepreneurs fueled revoltuon w/funds
govt. policies encouraged successes in businesses in late 1800s

CHAPTER 15: THE SOUTH AND WEST TRANSFORMED
Section 3

Analyze the impact of mining and railroads on the settlement of the West.

mining towns developed in the West; people from around the world traveled to mine there
govt. supported big mining companies who took over industry
transcontinental railroad --> needed to transport goods; helped growth of towns/cities; provided a way to transport cattle meat
Indian land was taken as a demand for it grew
millions of farmers moved West

CHAPTER 16: ISSUES OF THE GILDED AGE
Section 1

Assess how whites created a separate society in the South and how African Americans responded.

Jim Crow Laws --> kept blacks and whites separated (separate trains, cemeteries, parks, benches, restaurants, hospitals, etc.)
voting was illegal/dangerous for blacks (poll taxes --> poor blacks could not vote ((could not pay tax to vote)); literacy tests --> most blacks had not recieved an education ((could not pass tests --> could not vote)); grandfather clauses --> person could vote as long as his ancestors had voted prior to 1866 ((no black man could vote during that time --> freed blackmen during this time could not vote))
Supreme Court cases disregarded blacks' civil rights
blacks "fought" back (established black newspapers, women's clubs, schools and colleges, political associations)

CHAPTER 17: THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
Section 1

Identify the causes of Progressivism.

industrialization
urbanization
immigration

Analyze the role journalists played in the Progressive Movement.

journalists revealed problems affecting America in the 1900s; helped bring about reforms

CHAPTER 18: AN EMERGING WORLD POWER
Section 1

Identify the key factors that prodded America to expand.

began to take more active role in world affairs
began to acquire influence/territories outside continental borders (i.e. annexation of Hawaii --> imperialism)
had a surplus of goods --> looked for new markets to raise prices (to avoid economy from sinking)
worried that Europe would take over the world if America remained isolated

Explain how the United States took its first steps toward increased global power.

purchased Alaska from Russia ($7.2 million) --> almost 2x coutry's size; expanded its reach across Pacific
annexed Hawaii (Americans established sugar cane plantations, quickly overthrew Queen Lilliuokalani)

Summarize the chain of events leading up to the United States' annexation of Hawaii.

merchant ships stopped there to East Asia; missionaires established Christian churches/schools
established sugar cane plantations
new law worried planters about sales suffering
Queen Lilliuokalani got rid of Hawaii Constitution that gave power to white planters
U.S. officials backed white planters --> overthrew queen; annexed Hawaii

CHAPTER 19: WORLD WAR I AND BEYOND
Section 1

Identify the causes of World War I.

militarism
alliances
imperialism
nationalism

Explain why the United States entered the conflict on the side of the Allies.

U.S. maintained trade w/Britain and France
Germany broke promises; continued sinking passenger ships
Germany wrote Zimmerman note (unsuccessful, but ended American neutrality)

Section 3

Describe the aims of the Fourteen Points.

peace w/o victory
self-determination (right of the people to choose their own form of government)
League of Nations (world organization established to promote peaceful cooperation between countries

Understand “peace without victory”.

peace inspired by noble ideas (not greed/vengeance)
no reparations

Explain why the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty ending World War I.

most senators --> isolationists
Wilson and isolationists could not compromise on treaty

Section 4

Explain the Red Scare.

fear that Communists were working to destroy American way of life.

Understand how the war changed the United States' role in world affairs.

U.S. --> leading economic world power; largest creditor nation
lent money to Britain and France

CHAPTER 20: THE TWENTIES

Explain how the United States developed a mass culture during the 20s.

automoblie (new forms of recreation; easier travel)
radio (spread news more quickly)
movies
sports heroes
work reduced hours and raised wages
flaming youth (flappers)
literature ("Lost Generation")

CHAPTER 21: THE GREAT DEPRESSION

Understand how the stock market crash contributed to the Great Depression.

more people had jobs/higher wages --> invested everything in stock; many bought on lower prices (promising to pay the rest later)
stocks sold --> prices fell; so many stock sold, market crashed completely
banks (who had invested in stock market) could not return savings to Americans; everyone lost money

Analyze how the Great Depression effected many aspects of American life.

unemployment rate: 3% to 25% in 7 years (those who kept jobs took pay cut)
many unemployed/homeless
schools closed
almost 800,000 farms wer lost (bankruptcy)
people relied on soup kitchens for food
techonolgy/communication/transportation advances slowed

CHAPTER 22: THE NEW DEAL

Examine the impact Franklin Roosevelt had on the American people after becoming president.

New Deal programs (programs that fought against the Depression; some are still in use today)/First New Deal (relief, recovery, and reform)
Social Security Act of 1935 (enacted programs to provie income/compensation to specific groups of people/workers)

CHAPTER 23: THE COMING OF WAR
Section 1

Explain how dictators and militaristic regimes arose in several countries in the 1930s.

Germany and Russia were not apart of Treaty of the Treaty of Versailles (bitter towards peace settlements
Italy and Japan had expected more land
all wanted revenge from the end of WWI
revolution, fear of revolution, and economic depression caused dictators to seize control

Summarize the aggressive actions taken by regimes in Europe and Asia.

Germany and Italy sent troops and seized controls of other European and some African areas
Japan invaded and seized parts of China

Analyze the response of Britain, France, and the United States to the aggressive regimes.

nothing was done (appeasement --> paying concessions to avoid war; failed)
no one wanted another WWI

Section 2

Explain how the United States became more involved in the conflict.

Nuetrality Act of 1939
reports from the war in Europe
gave Britain old warships to help w/ their defense
Lend-Lease Act

Section 3

Explain why Japan decided to attack pearl Harbor, and describe the attack itself.

to eradicate the American air and navel presence in the Pacific
sank/damages 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 destroyers, and 6 other vessels; complete surprise attack

CHAPTER 24: WORLD WAR II
Section 1

Explain why the battles of Stalingrad and Midway were major turning points in the war.

Stalingrad --> set Germany on the defensive and the Soviet Union on the offensive (forced Nazis to retreat; faced Hitler w/the terms that he could not conquer Europe)
Midway --> ended Japanese advancement in the Pacific; ended threat on Hawaii/domination of the Pacific; set Japan on the defensive

Discuss how the Allies put increasing pressure on the Axis in North Africa and Europe.

Allies decided to increase bombing on Germany/invade Italy
FDR announced Allies would only accept unconditional surrender (giving up completely w/o concessions

Section 2

Analyze the effects of the war on civil liberties for Japanese Americans and others.

businesses/homes were attacked by mobs
banks refused to cash checks
grocers would not sell their food
ordered all people of Japanese ancestry on the West Coast to go to internment camps

Examine how the need to support the war effort changed American lives.

rationing (limiting purchases of produts to make sure enough were available for military use)
victory gardens (producing food for the war effort)
buying war bonds
TOTAL WAR

Section 3

Analyze the planning and impact of D-Day.

Churchill, FDR, and Stalin agreed to open a second front in France
massive invasion of France
Allies gained small amount of land in France; gained a foothold in Europe

Understand how the Allies achieved final victory in Europe.

Battle of the Bulge --> used too many German resources' demoralized its troops; Allies pushed Germany out of France
Allies closed in on Hitler; executed Mussolini
Hitler lost control of the country/troops; committed suicide
Germany surrendered

ESSAYS
Section 4

Explore the reasons that President Truman dropped the atomic bomb against Japan.

Examine how the Holocaust developed and its results.

Section 5

Analyze the major immediate and long-term effects of World War II.

	Created by Mary Messina almost 8 years ago

Chapters 12-23 (skip Chapter 14) 3 essays