Alkenes are planar tetrahedral trigonal planar bent( planar, tetrahedral, trigonal planar, bent ) with a bond angle of 120 109.5 107 104.5( 120, 109.5, 107, 104.5 ) degrees.
Alkenes can't rotate around the double bond.
Diastereoisomers are mirror images of each other.
Electrophiles like ❌ and therefore have a partial or formal ❌ charge. Nucleophiles like ❌ and therefore have a partial or formal ❌ charge.
Alkenes have a high electron density in the C=C bond which means that they are attacked by nucleophiles.
The Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Bromide to an Alkene forms:
a Bromoalkane
Bromine
Hydrogen gas
an Alkane
How can Bromine act as an Electrophile?
When the electron density of the C=C bond causes an induced dipole
When it is in a radioactive form
When it is concentrated
When it is heated to a high temperature (1000C)
The Electrophilic Addition of Bromine to an Alkene forms:
a Dibromoalkane
Hydrogen Bromide
The test for Unsaturated Hydrocarbons involves adding Bromine Water. The presence of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons would be indicated by:
the decolourisation of the Bromine Water
fizzing
the presence of a cream-coloured precipitate
a bad smell
Why must the temperature be 0C when adding Ethene to concentrated Sulfuric Acid?
the reaction is very exothermic
the melting point of Sulfuric Acid is very low
the boiling point of Ethene is very low
What is formed when Ethene is reacted with concentrated 85% Sulfuric Acid?
Ethyl Hydrogensulfate
Ethanoic Acid
Water
Hydrogen Sulfide
Industrially, what would be added to the product formed from the Electrophilic Addition of Sulfuric Acid to Ethene to form Ethanol?
Phosphoric Acid
Methanoic Acid
Nothing - the original product is Ethanol
Markovnikov's Rule states that the Major Product formed in Electrophilic Addition with an Unsymmetrical Alkene has the more stable Carbocation intermediate.
Which of these Carbocations is the most stable?
Primary
Secondary
Methyl
Tertiary
Label the diagram of a C=C bond.
Addition Polymers are formed from Alkenes Cycloalkanes Alkanes( Alkenes, Cycloalkanes, Alkanes ) under high low( high, low ) pressure and with a suitable catalyst. The π (pi) σ (sigma)( π (pi), σ (sigma) ) bond breaks to allow the molecules to join together.
The best yields of Additional Polymerisation are obtained at a low temperature.
In Addition Polymerisation, there is a reduction in the number of moles.
What is the positive effect of Incineration of Polymers?
There is a large amount of useful heat energy released
It gets rid of them
There is no positive effect
There is a large amount of useful water released
What are the negative effects of Incineration of Polymers?
Greenhouse Gases are produced
Toxic Gases can be produced
It's not cost effective
There are no negative effects
What are the negative effects of Recycling Polymers?
It's expensive to separate out the different polymers
It's hard to separate out the different polymers
It requires heat provided by the combustion of Fossil Fuels
What are the positive effects of Recycling Polymers?
It reduces Crude Oil use
It reduces disposal problems
There are no positive effects
It purifies the polymers
Select all the correct properties of Polymers:
Unsaturated
Polar
High Melting/Boiling Point
Unreactive
Short Lifetime
Non-Biodegradable
Straight-Chain Polymers or those with fewer branches are ❌ compact and pack with a ❌ density. This means they have more Van der Waal's forces so they are ❌ and ❌. Polymers with more branches are ❌ compact and pack with a ❌ density. This means they have less Van der Waal's forces so they are ❌ and ❌.
Polyvinylchloride is long-lasting, durable and versatile.
This question is about the most common Plasticisers of polyvinylchloride, which are phthalates. What have phthalates been linked to which makes some people ask for the banning of them?
Cancer
Global Warming
Cardiovascular Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
What effect to Plasticisers have on a polymer and why?
They make them softer and more flexible. Plasticisers weaken the intermolecular forces between the chains.
They make them harder and less flexible. Plasticisers strengthen the intermolecular forces between the chains.
Which of these species show E-Isomerism?
Use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules to put these elements in order. Some have already been filled in for you. ❌ > Bromine > ❌ > ❌ > ❌ > ❌
In E/Z-Isomerism of an ALKENE with no halogens, based on the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules, the highest priority group is that which contains more Carbon.
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