Explain how the first and second heart sounds are generated, relate these to cardiac cycle and valve opening and closure.

Symptoms of aortic stenosis

Signs of Aortic stenosis

Define stenosis

Define regurgitation (incompetence)

Common causes of Aortic stenosis
(Bicuspid cusp calcification)

Common causes of Aortic stenosis

pathophysiology of Aortic stenosis

Symptoms and signs of aortic sclerosis

Symptoms and signs of mitral regurgitation

Common causes of mitral regurgitation

Define acute mitral regurgitation

Define chronic mitral regurgitation of the gradual onset

What is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)?

Pathophysiology of MVP

Causes of tricuspid regurgitation

Symptoms and signs of tricuspid regurgitation

Symptoms and signs of pulmonary stenosis