1951, Albert J. Reiss

Reiss reviewed, 1,110 white male juvenile probationers between age of 11 and 17

personal controls, ability to refrain from meeting needs in ways that conflicted with the norms and rules of the community

Reiss argued that the failure of personal controls explained both phenomena

Nye - found youths in the 'most delinquent' group were more likely to...

control theories present strong challenge to the more common view that juvenile delinquency is caused by

In delinquency and Drift - Matza

delinquents are said to be different from non-delinquents in some fundamental way

Matza proposed an alternate image for delinquents that emphasizes

the DRIFT said to occur

positive causes of delinquency

Matza did not deny there were committed and compulsive deviants

they describe their behaviour morally wrong but argue there are...

delinquents do not reject conventional moral values, but neutralize them in a wide variety of circumstances

sense of responsibility

Matza suggests, some positive causes of delinquency in the sense that there are reasons why

Hirshci - 1969 - Causes of delinquency

attachment - i.e., affection for and sensitivity to others

commitment

involvement

belief

most of these studies - find support for two out of the four variables

control theories have more or less dominated criminology