Final Exam Review --> Exam is on December 21st

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Question 1 of 139

Match the developmental stages of the eye to their functionality:

Rudimentary: small patch of photosensitive cells; ❌

❌: limited directional sensitivity

Pinhole Eye: forces light to fall on a very small area; ❌

Fluid-Filled: introduced ❌

Modern Eye: another fluid filled chamber, ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

only for presence of light

Invagination of patch

direction and imaging

diffraction and lens to refine travel

separate cornea and iris

Explanation

Question 2 of 139

Which gene, related to the eyes, seems to be conserved amongst species?

Select one of the following:

SIXP
PAX6
HEG7
EYE1

Explanation

Question 3 of 139

Label the Compound Eye.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Cornea

The Ommatidium

Psuedocone

Support Cells

Retinular Cells

Rhabdomeres

Explanation

Question 4 of 139

Match the components of the compound eye with its purpose:

Cornea: ❌

❌: the single visual transduction unit that makes up the compound eye

❌: continue to focus light into the central portion of the cell

Retinular Cells: ❌

❌: inside of the retinular cells, send signals down to axon

Rhabdomeres: ❌

❌: contain lots of photopigments (Rhodopsin)

Drag and drop to complete the text.

focuses light into central aspect

Ommatidium

Support Cells

transfer information to the rhabdomeres

Rhabdomeres

made of microvilli, full of action

Membrane of the Rhabdomeres

Explanation

Question 5 of 139

Why do Rhabdomeres have so many microvilli?

Select one of the following:

To help it move around for better signal transduction
To help it contact the Retinular cells
To increase SA and the amount of Rhodopsin that can be contained on the membrane

Explanation

Question 6 of 139

What is the 2nd messenger cascade for Rhodopsin receptors?

Select one of the following:

G protein --> IP3/PKC --> activate TRP cation channel
G protein --> Rab 2 --> activate TRP cation channel
G protein --> IP3/PKC --> Ca2+ release from SER

Explanation

Question 7 of 139

The vertebrate eye differs from the compound eye in that the vertebrate eye has the ability to focus light, giving it more acuity.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 8 of 139

What does the fluid filled portion of the eye introduce?

Select one of the following:

Diffraction
Reflection
Refraction
Squishy Stuff

Explanation

Question 9 of 139

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

( Convex, Concave ) lenses cause light to converge while ( concave, convex ) lenses cause light to diverge. This is caused by ( refraction, diffraction, reflection ).

Explanation

Question 10 of 139

Striated Muscle is:

Select one or more of the following:

Found in the heart
Found in Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary
Involuntary
Have well defined sarcomeres
Single Unit
Multi-Unit

Explanation

Question 11 of 139

The smallest unit of skeletal muscle is called a myoblast

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 12 of 139

Identify the correct order for the creation of a multinucleated muscle cell

Select one of the following:

Myoblast, myotubule, myocyte
Myocyte, myotubule, myoblast
Myotubule, myocyte, myoblast
myotubule, myoblast, myocyte

Explanation

Question 13 of 139

What makes a muscle striated?

Select one of the following:

Myotubules
Myofibrils
Sarcomeres, contained in myofibrils
myocytes

Explanation

Question 14 of 139

Thick filaments are made of ❌ and thin filaments are made of ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

myosin

actin

Explanation

Question 15 of 139

Label the lines and bands on the sarcomere below:

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Z-Disk

H-Zone

M-Line (Myosin)

Actin

I-Band

A-Band

Explanation

Question 16 of 139

In the sarcomere, ❌ asociates with myosin and ❌ associates with actin.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

titin

nebulin

Explanation

Question 17 of 139

Label the electromicrograph with the location of:
1) The A band
2) The I band
3) The H Band
4) How these components interact with light (put this on top of the location) --> only for A and I

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

H-Zone

A-band

I-Band

ISOTROPIC (does not polarize light)

ANISTROPIC (polarizes light)

Explanation

Question 18 of 139

What is the thin:thick ratio of filaments in mammal skeltal muscle?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 139

Myosin is made up of:

Select one of the following:

2 heavy chains and 4 light chains
4 heavy chains and 2 light chains
1 heavy chain and 3 light chain
3 heavy chains and 1 light chain

Explanation

Question 20 of 139

The myosin heavy chain is made up of and the myosin light chains are made up of __.

Select one of the following:

tail, head, neck AND essential and regulatory units
head AND tail
neck AND head and tail
essential and regulatory units AND tail, head, neck

Explanation

Question 21 of 139

What two binding sites does the myosin head contain?

Select one of the following:

Actin and ATP
Calcium and ATP
Actin and Calcium

Explanation

Question 22 of 139

What happens if trypsin is added to myosin?

Select one of the following:

Myosin is split into a tail and a neck/head region
Head and neck are broken apart

Explanation

Question 23 of 139

What happens when Papain is applied to myosin?

Select one of the following:

Split into a tail and head+neck region
broken apart into a head and a neck

Explanation

Question 24 of 139

There are 2 myosin light chain components per head. For a total of 4 MLC components.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 25 of 139

What are the two forms of actin?

Select one of the following:

Globular & Filamentous
Aggregated & Spiraled

Explanation

Question 26 of 139

What are the two main regulatory proteins that associate with actin?

Select one or more of the following:

Troponin
Tropomyosin
Malbulim
Triulin

Explanation

Question 27 of 139

What was proposed in the Sliding Filament Theory?

Select one of the following:

The width of the A-band remains constant, the I-band and H band gets shorter
The width of the I-band remains constant, the A-band gets shorter
The width of the H-band and I-band remains constant, the I-band gets shorter

Explanation

Question 28 of 139

A. Huxley and H. Huxley both confirmed the Sliding Filament Theory through different methods.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 29 of 139

Describe what is happening at each of the points identified in the graph

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Myosin is being crushed by the Z-disks

Polarity Interference; reduces Ca releas

Maximal cross bridge overlap

A little overlap

No more cross-bridges being formed

Ascending Limb

Plateau

Descending Limb

Explanation

Question 30 of 139

Pure actin contains ❌. Native actin contains ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

no binding proteins

tropomyosin and troponin

Explanation

Question 31 of 139

What characterizes rigormortis?

Select one of the following:

Calcium is present, ATP is absent
Calcium is absent, ATP is present
Troponin is present, tropomyosin is absent
Tropomyosin is absent, troponin is present

Explanation

Question 32 of 139

What is the phyisiological calcium concentration?

Select one of the following:

10^-9 M
10^-5 M
10^-2 M
10^-3 M

Explanation

Question 33 of 139

What is the highest number of calcium ions that troponin C can bind to?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 34 of 139

Do invertebrates have Na+ channels in T tubules?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 35 of 139

How is an action potential propogated in invertebrate T Tubules?

Select one of the following:

Via passive diffusion
Via voltage gated sodium channels
They don't propogate action potentials

Explanation

Question 36 of 139

What type of ACh receptors do skeltal muscles have?

Select one of the following:

Muscharinic
Nicotinic

Explanation

Question 37 of 139

What stores calcium in a cell?

Select one of the following:

Mitochondria
Lysosome
Smooth ER
Rough ER

Explanation

Question 38 of 139

What does it mean to be an "L-type" voltage gated channel?

Select one of the following:

Long-lasting activation
Short-activation

Explanation

Question 39 of 139

What type of receptor is dihydrophyridine?

Select one of the following:

L-type voltage gated calcium channel
tetrameric receptor with a central pore

Explanation

Question 40 of 139

What type of receptor is ryanodine?

Select one of the following:

L-Type voltage-gated calcium channel
tetrameric protein with a central pore

Explanation

Question 41 of 139

The dihydropyridine receptor is localized on the T-tubules while the ryanodine receptor is localized on the SER membrane.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 42 of 139

The huge difference in concentration between the SER and the cytoplasm helps with ❌ but, not with ❌. Therefore, ❌ helps to sequester calcium in the SER and help the SERCa pumps wor.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

diffusion

reuptake

calsequesterin

calmodulin

Explanation

Question 43 of 139

Which elements in muscle contribute to the resting tension (if a muscle were to be pulled without cross-bridges forming)?

Select one of the following:

Parallel Elements
Series Elements
Perpendicular Elements

Explanation

Question 44 of 139

What type of elements do tendons serve as in muscle mechanics?

Select one of the following:

External parallel component
External series component

Explanation

Question 45 of 139

What is the difference between a concentric and an eccentric contraction? (concentric, eccentric)

Select one of the following:

Muscle shortens, Muscle lengthens
Muscle lengthens, Muscle shortens

Explanation

Question 46 of 139

Why is the muscle force generated from a single depolarization relatively small?

Select one of the following:

It takes time for the series elastic components to stretch and generate force
It takes time for the parallel elastic components to stretch and generate force
It takes time for the contractile elements to stretch and generate force

Explanation

Question 47 of 139

Incomplete tetanus occurs when there is a ❌ between action potentials. Fused or complete tetanus occurs when there is ❌ between action potentials.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

small refractory period

no refractory period

Explanation

Question 48 of 139

As tetanus occurs, the overall force that the muscle can generate increases but, the force reaches a plateau after fused tetanus occurs.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 49 of 139

What is contained in a motor unit?

Select one or more of the following:

Motor neuron
axons contacting muscle cells
grey matter
interneuron

Explanation

Question 50 of 139

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The motor neuron extends out of the horn of the spinal cord

Explanation

Question 51 of 139

Spatial Summation controls:

Select one of the following:

The number of muscle cells recruited
The distribution of muscle cells in the body
The areas of the body that respond to external stimuli

Explanation

Question 52 of 139

What happens in a skeletal muscle cell as the velocity of shortening increases

Select one or more of the following:

fewer cross-bridges form
more cross-bridges form
reduced average force/cross-bridge
increased average force/cross-bridge

Explanation

Question 53 of 139

Power reaches a max at 20-40% of Vmax.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 54 of 139

The muscle uses ATP in the following ways:
25%: ❌
❌: Heat
❌: Useful work in the cross-bridge cycle

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Pumping calcium via SERCa pumps

50%

25%

Explanation

Question 55 of 139

What is muscle efficiency?

Select one of the following:

Useful work/Total E Used
How fast a muscle can shorten
How strong a muscle is

Explanation

Question 56 of 139

Is there work generated from an isometric contraction?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 57 of 139

What are the three sources of ATP for muscle?

Select one or more of the following:

Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Creatine Phosphate
Steroids

Explanation

Question 58 of 139

Which two (helper) proteins are involved in the smooth muscle thick and thin filament network?

Select one or more of the following:

Caldesmon
Xinculin
Alpha-actin
Shelanin

Explanation

Question 59 of 139

STRESS RELAXATION ALLOWS ORGANS THAT ARE LINED BY SMOOTH MUSCLE (E.G. THE GUT) TO ACCOMMODATE LARGE CHANGES IN DIAMETER AND STILL PRODUCE ABOUT THE SAME AMOUNT OF FORCE

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 60 of 139

Match the type of smooth muscle with its mechanism of action:
1. Single Unit Smooth Muscle (Visceral): ❌

2. Multi-unit Smooth Muscle: ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

gap junctions, myogenic

independent, neurogenic, fine control

Explanation

Question 61 of 139

How does visceral smooth muscle depolarize without neural input?

Select one or more of the following:

It doesn't, it requires neural input
Pacemaker potentials
Slow wave potentials

Explanation

Question 62 of 139

Where are neurotransmitters released from in neural activation of smooth muscle?

Select one of the following:

Varsities
Varicosities
Synapses
No neurotransmitters are released

Explanation

Question 63 of 139

What is the neurotransmitter and receptor type involved in parasympathetic smooth muscle activation?

Select one of the following:

Ach, nicotinic
Ach, muscarinic
Epi, alpha
Epi, beta

Explanation

Question 64 of 139

What is the neurotransmitter(s) and receptor type(s) involved in sympathetic smooth muscle activation?

Select one of the following:

Alpha (Norepi & Epi) - contraction; Beta (Epi)- relaxation
Beta (Norepi & Epi) - contraction; Alpha (Epi)-relaxation
Beta (Epi) - contraction; Alpha (Norepi & Epi) - relaxation

Explanation

Question 65 of 139

What is it about smooth muscles that allow for Calcium diffusion WITHOUT the presence of T-Tubules?

Select one or more of the following:

small cell diameter
decreased diffusion distance
larger cell diameter

Explanation

Question 66 of 139

The SER is the primary source of Calcium for smooth muscles.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 67 of 139

What does MLCK do?

Select one of the following:

Phosphorylate MLC
Dephosphorylate MLC
Hydroxylate MLC
Dehydroxylate MLC

Explanation

Question 68 of 139

What is an antagonist of MLCK?

Select one of the following:

MLC phosphotase
MLC hydrotase
MLC dehydrogenase
MLC transferase

Explanation

Question 69 of 139

What are the effects of serotonin and protein kinase C on smooth muscle?

Select one of the following:

They promote muscle activity by inhibiting MLC phosphatase
They promote muscle relaxation by inhibiting MLC phosphatase

Explanation

Question 70 of 139

How is protein kinase activated in smooth muscle and how does it affect MLCK?

Select one of the following:

Activated by Beta2 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; inactivates it
Activated by Beta2 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; activates it
Activated by Alpha1 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; inactivates it
Activated by Alpha1 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; activates it

Explanation

Question 71 of 139

Is Protein Kinase C an inhibitory or excitatory protein in smooth muscle contraction?

Select one of the following:

Excitatory
Inhibitory

Explanation

Question 72 of 139

What is reciprocal innervation and when does it occur?

Select one or more of the following:

Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; withdrawl reflex
Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; cross-extensor reflex
Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; stretch reflex

Explanation

Question 73 of 139

What is the muscle involved in a myotatic/stretch reflex and what are some of its basic characteristics?

Select one or more of the following:

Intrafusal muscle
Tonic; doesn't fire APs
Fires APs
Responds to stretch/shortening

Explanation

Question 74 of 139

What are the receptors contained within the intrafusal muscle?

Select one or more of the following:

Annulospiral Receptor
Flower Spray Receptor
Dihydropuridine Receptor
Ryanodine Receptor

Explanation

Question 75 of 139

What type of neuron is used by Annulospiral Receptors

Select one of the following:

IA - afferent
IIA- afferent
IIIA - afferent

Explanation

Question 76 of 139

What type of neuron is used by Flower Spray Receptors in a myotatic reflex?

Select one of the following:

IA - afferent
IIA - afferent
IIIA- afferent

Explanation

Question 77 of 139

Label the layers of the skin and the 4 mammalian mechanoreceptors

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Epidermis

Dermis

Pacinan Corpuscle

Ruffini Ending

Messiner's Corpuscle

Merkel Discs

Free Nerve Ending

Hair Cell

Explanation

Question 78 of 139

What type of cell is this?

Drag the answer into the correct orange point.

Hair Cell

Explanation

Question 79 of 139

Label the Ear

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Pinna

External Auditory Meatus

Tympanic Membrane

Ossicles

Semi-circular canals

Auditory Nerve

Cochlea

Oval Window

Round Window

Outer Ear

Middle Ear

Inner Ear

Explanation

Question 80 of 139

Label the diagram

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

External auditory meatus

Tympanic Membrane

Malleus (Hammer)

Incus (Anvil)

Stapes (Stirup)

Oval Window

Round Window

Explanation

Question 81 of 139

The two muscles involved in dampening noise to the inner ear are the tensor tympani muscle and the stapedius muscle. The tensor tempani is active when we are ❌ whereas the stapedius muscle contracts when we are ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

chewing

talking

Explanation

Question 82 of 139

Label the inner ear

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Oval Window

Scala Vestibuli

Helicotrema

Scala tympani

Stapes

Vestibular Membrane

Basilar Membrane

Scala Media

Organ of Corti

Round Window

Explanation

Question 83 of 139

The scala vestibuli and the scala tempani are continuous, there is no membrane separating them from eachother.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 84 of 139

The organ of Corti sits on top of the Basilar Membrane.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 85 of 139

Label pathway 1 and 2 with their purpose.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

No auditory transduction

Transverse movement across scala media

Explanation

Question 86 of 139

The perilymph has a ❌. The Endolymph has a ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

similar make up to the ECF

high K+ concentration

Explanation

Question 87 of 139

Humans can hear between what frequency?

Select one of the following:

20 Hz-2000 Hz
200-2000 Hz
1000-2000 Hz

Explanation

Question 88 of 139

Label the image. Which organ is this?

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Organ of Corti

Tectorial Membrane

Scala Media

Support Cells

Inner Hair Cells

Auditory Nerve

Stereocillia

Outer Hair Cells

Explanation

Question 89 of 139

Outer hair cells ❌ by lengthening and shortening the hair cells, while inner hair cells ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

control auditory transduction

lead to auditory transduction

Explanation

Question 90 of 139

What is the kinocilium?

Select one of the following:

Stereocillia present in the eye
A more rigid stereocilium that is part of the hair cell
A small micro-organism

Explanation

Question 91 of 139

What are tip links connected to?

Select one or more of the following:

Adjacent stereocilia
Stretch-activated channels
Voltage-Gated Channels

Explanation

Question 92 of 139

Why do Calcium and potassium enter stereocilia when stretch-gated channels are opened?

Select one of the following:

Hair cells are in the endolymph
Hair cells are in the perilymph
Hair cells are in the ECF

Explanation

Question 93 of 139

Which organs provide us information about balance and movement?

Select one or more of the following:

Semicircular Canals
Otolith Organs
Stapes
Ampulla

Explanation

Question 94 of 139

There are ❌ semicircular canals that provide us information about ❌. The Utricle and Saccule are ❌ that give information about ❌. The Utricle signals ❌, while the Saccule signals ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

three

two

four

rotational movement

Otolith organs

linear movement

horizontal movement

verticle movement

Explanation

Question 95 of 139

Label the diagram

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Semicircular Canals

Utricle

Saccule

Cochlea

Ampulla

Auditory Nerve

Oval Window

Round Window

Explanation

Question 96 of 139

What fluid fills the semi-circular canals?

Select one of the following:

Perilymph
Endolymph
ECF

Explanation

Question 97 of 139

If you rotate your head to the left, which way is the fluid in the semicircular canals moving?

Select one of the following:

To the right
To the left

Explanation

Question 98 of 139

When the head rotates, the ampulla in each ear

Select one of the following:

Move in the same direction
Move in opposite directions

Explanation

Question 99 of 139

When the ampulla moves it pulls on the , which affects _.

Select one of the following:

Hair cells, stretch activated channels
Stapes, stretch activated channels
Stretch activated channels, hair cells

Explanation

Question 100 of 139

When the hair cells are pushed towards the kinocilium, the cells are ❌. When the hair cells are pushed away from the kinocilium, the cells are ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

hyperpolarized

depolarized

Explanation

Question 101 of 139

When you move along one axis, the hair cells in one ear are depolarized while the hair cells in the other ear are hyperpolarized. This helps you determine directionality of the movement.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 102 of 139

What happens to the ampulla after you consume a generous amount of alcohol?

Select one of the following:

Specific Gravity of fluid in the canals changes --> ampulla flops over
Your otoliths detach and make you feel like you are spinning
Your semicircular canals become blocked

Explanation

Question 103 of 139

What are otoliths?

Select one of the following:

The smallest bones in the body
Small Stones of calcium carbonate
They are part of the hair cell

Explanation

Question 104 of 139

Label the diagram

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Kinocilium

Stereocillia

Otoliths

Gelatinous Layer

Hair Cell

Support Cell

Nerve Fibre

Explanation

Question 105 of 139

What is the function of otoliths and the gelatinous layer they are found in?

Select one of the following:

They cause a lag in the movement of hair cells which helps us detect linear motion
They contact hair cells to activate them
They cause the cell to depolarize

Explanation

Question 106 of 139

What is vertigo caused by?

Select one of the following:

Otoliths detaching and activating hair cells
Constant depolarization of hair cells
Missing Kinocillium

Explanation

Question 107 of 139

Label the image

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Fovea

Optic Disk

Optic Nerve

Sclera

Lens

Vitreous Humor

Aqueous Humor

Cornea

Pupil

Iris

Ciliary Body

Suspensory Ligaments

Retina

Explanation

Question 108 of 139

Where does the majority of refraction take place (in the eye)?

Select one of the following:

Lens
Cornea
Retina
Aqueous Humor

Explanation

Question 109 of 139

What produced aqueous humor?

Select one of the following:

Cornea
Ciliary Bodies
Conjunctiva
Lens

Explanation

Question 110 of 139

What does the aquous humor do?

Select one of the following:

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cornea
Is the sole layer responsible for refracting light
Diffractions light

Explanation

Question 111 of 139

How is vitreous humor produced?

Select one of the following:

Ciliary Bodies
Residual aqueous humor that passes through the lens
Conjunctiva

Explanation

Question 112 of 139

What is the structure that allows aqueous humor to drain from the eye?

Select one of the following:

Tear Duct
Conjunctiva
Pupil
Canals of Schlem

Explanation

Question 113 of 139

How many mL of aqueous humor is produced in a day?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 114 of 139

What is the purpose of the iris?

Select one of the following:

To make the eye look nice
To stop light and force it to enter via the pupil
To diffract light

Explanation

Question 115 of 139

Match the muscle with 1) Movement of eye 2) Where it is located in the iris 3) which system it responds to:

Circular: ❌; ❌; ❌

Radial: ❌; ❌; ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

constrictive

center

parasympathetic

dilates

outer portion

sympathetic

Explanation

Question 116 of 139

Label the image,
- the blue and pink arrows indicated the type of stimulation
- label the other lines with the characteristics of that particular part of the eye
- In front of the cornea of each eye, label the type of light that causes the observed changes

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Sympathetic Stimulation

Far object --> light comes in parallel

Near object --> light comes in diverging

Relaxed Ciliary Muscles

Flattened, weak lens

Tight suspensory ligaments

Parasympathetic Stimulation

Contracted Ciliary Muscles

Strong, Rounded Lens

Loose suspensory ligaments

Explanation

Question 117 of 139

Match the terms:

Normal Vision: ❌

Near-sighted: ❌

Far- sighted: ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

emmetropia

myopia

hyperopia

Explanation

Question 118 of 139

How do you correct myopia?

Select one of the following:

Concave lens to allow light to reach the back of the retina
Convex lens to allow light to reach the back of the retina

Explanation

Question 119 of 139

What happens in hyperopia?

Select one or more of the following:

Light is focused behind the retina
The lens is too weak
The lens is too strong
Far-sighted
Near-sighted

Explanation

Question 120 of 139

As we age...

Select one or more of the following:

The crystalline structure in our eyes starts to deteriorate
Cataracts form
Lens becomes more flexible
Lens becomes less flexible
Presbyopia develops
Near-Sighted
Far-sighted

Explanation

Question 121 of 139

Label the Retinal Cells

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Light

Ganglion Cell

Amacrine Cells

Bipolar Cells

Horizontal Cell

Rod

Cone

Back of Retina

Explanation

Question 122 of 139

What is it about the processing cells in the retina that allow light to travel to the photoreceptors?

Select one of the following:

They are transparent
There are spaces between the cells for light to pass through
Light cannot pass through, it has to be transmitted through the processing cells first

Explanation

Question 123 of 139

What is at the optic disk?

Select one or more of the following:

Blood Vessels
Highest Visual Acuity
Blind Spot
Axons of Ganglion Cells converge here
Optic Nerve
Macula

Explanation

Question 124 of 139

There are many more rods than cones in the retina.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 125 of 139

There are more ❌ than ❌ in the retina. Rods are activated by ❌ and have a ❌ response time. Cones are activated in ❌ and have a ❌ response time. Rods are ❌ while cones are ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

rods

cones

low light

slow

intense light

fast

monochromatic

trichromatic

Explanation

Question 126 of 139

Cones are better than rods in detecting changes in visual stimuli.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 127 of 139

Which neurotransmitter is released by rods and cones?

Select one of the following:

Glutamate
Dopamine
Serotonin
Glutamine

Explanation

Question 128 of 139

Why are cones better at transducing light?

Select one of the following:

They have increased SA
They have disks in their outer segment
They have a larger amount of Glutamate that can be released

Explanation

Question 129 of 139

Retinal is derived from which vitamin?

Select one of the following:

Vit B1
Vit B6
Vit E
Vit A

Explanation

Question 130 of 139

When no light is present, retinal is in the all ❌ form. When light hits, it is converted into the all ❌ form. This form is also called ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

cis

trans

metarhodopsin II

Explanation

Question 131 of 139

cGMP phosphodiesterase converts ❌ into ❌ which causes the rod cell to ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

cGMP

5' GMP

hyperpolarize

Explanation

Question 132 of 139

If an on-center bipolar cell is stimulated, this means that the off-center bipolar cell will not be stimulated.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 133 of 139

Label the diagram

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Photoreceptor = hyperpolarized (LIGHT)

On-center bipolar (DEPOL)

On-center Ganglion (DEPOL)

Off-center Bipolar (HYPERPOL)

Off-center Ganglion (HYPERPOL)

Few APs

Many APs

Explanation

Question 134 of 139

What type of pathway is visual transduction following in this pathway ?(label in top L corner)

Label the cell types present

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Vertical Pathway

Lateral Pathway

Photoreceptor = HYPERPOL (LIGHT)

Horizontal = HYPERPOL

Adjacent PR = DEPOL

Adjacent PR = HYPERPOL

On-center bipolar = HYPERPOL

Off-center bipolar = HYPERPOL

Off-center ganglion = HYPERPOL

On-center ganglion = HYPERPOL

Few APs

Lots of APs

Explanation

Question 135 of 139

Click on the orange point and select the correct answer.

What type of process would generate these responses?

Explanation

Question 136 of 139

Click on the orange point and select the correct answer.

What type of processes would generate these responses?

Explanation

Question 137 of 139

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Blue cones contain the pigment ( cyanolabe, Chlorolabe, Erythrolabe )
Green cones contain the pigment ( chlorolabe, Cyanolabe, erythrolabe )
Red cones contain the pigment ( erythrolabe, cyanolabe, chlorolabe )

Explanation

Question 138 of 139

Blue light has the ❌ wavelength of light, while red has the ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

shortest

longest

Explanation

Question 139 of 139

What is color blindness caused by?

Select one of the following:

Deficiency in rods
Deficiency in cones
Difficiency in metarhodopsin II
Deficiency in retinal

Explanation

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	Created by Manisha BHARADIA over 7 years ago

Zoology Quiz on Final Exam Review --> Exam is on December 21st, created by Manisha BHARADIA on 30/11/2016.

Final Exam Review --> Exam is on December 21st

Question 1 of 139

Match the developmental stages of the eye to their functionality: Rudimentary: small patch of photosensitive cells; ❌ ❌: limited directional sensitivity Pinhole Eye: forces light to fall on a very small area; ❌ Fluid-Filled: introduced ❌ Modern Eye: another fluid filled chamber, ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 2 of 139

Which gene, related to the eyes, seems to be conserved amongst species?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 139

Label the Compound Eye.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Explanation

Question 4 of 139

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 5 of 139

Why do Rhabdomeres have so many microvilli?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 139

What is the 2nd messenger cascade for Rhodopsin receptors?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 139

The vertebrate eye differs from the compound eye in that the vertebrate eye has the ability to focus light, giving it more acuity.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 139

What does the fluid filled portion of the eye introduce?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 139

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Convex Concave( Convex, Concave ) lenses cause light to converge while concave convex( concave, convex ) lenses cause light to diverge. This is caused by refraction diffraction reflection( refraction, diffraction, reflection ).

Explanation

Question 10 of 139

Striated Muscle is:

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 139

The smallest unit of skeletal muscle is called a myoblast

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 139

Identify the correct order for the creation of a multinucleated muscle cell

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 139

What makes a muscle striated?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 139

Thick filaments are made of ❌ and thin filaments are made of ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 15 of 139

Label the lines and bands on the sarcomere below:

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Explanation

Question 16 of 139

In the sarcomere, ❌ asociates with myosin and ❌ associates with actin.

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Explanation

Question 17 of 139

Label the electromicrograph with the location of: 1) The A band 2) The I band 3) The H Band 4) How these components interact with light (put this on top of the location) --> only for A and I

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Explanation

Question 18 of 139

What is the thin:thick ratio of filaments in mammal skeltal muscle?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 139

Myosin is made up of:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 139

The myosin heavy chain is made up of ______________ and the myosin light chains are made up of ________________.

Select one of the following:

Match the developmental stages of the eye to their functionality:

Rudimentary: small patch of photosensitive cells; ❌

❌: limited directional sensitivity

Pinhole Eye: forces light to fall on a very small area; ❌

Fluid-Filled: introduced ❌

Modern Eye: another fluid filled chamber, ❌

( Convex, Concave ) lenses cause light to converge while ( concave, convex ) lenses cause light to diverge. This is caused by ( refraction, diffraction, reflection ).

Label the electromicrograph with the location of:
1) The A band
2) The I band
3) The H Band
4) How these components interact with light (put this on top of the location) --> only for A and I

The myosin heavy chain is made up of and the myosin light chains are made up of __.