Zachariah Atteberry
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Chapter 1 Comprehensive Review

Question 1 of 105

1

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of

Select one of the following:

  • Behavior and mental processes

  • Diagnosing and treating behavioral disorders

  • Conscious and unconscious mental processes

  • The mind

Explanation

Question 2 of 105

1

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes describe?

Select one of the following:

  • Behavorism

  • Psychoanalysis

  • Psychology

  • Clinical psychology

Explanation

Question 3 of 105

1

As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?

Select one of the following:

  • Eliminate behavior

  • Explain behavior

  • Predict behavior

  • Control behavior

Explanation

Question 4 of 105

1

A ____ proposes a relationship among observed events

Select one of the following:

  • Science

  • Theory

  • Prediction

  • School of psychology

Explanation

Question 5 of 105

1

Theories allow psychologists to make ___ such as a client's chance of recovery

Select one of the following:

  • Descriptions

  • Explanations

  • Predictions

  • Beliefs

Explanation

Question 6 of 105

1

Which is not true of psychological theories?

Select one of the following:

  • Theories that make assumptions about behavior

  • Theories explain behavior and mental processes

  • Theories are used to make predictions

  • Theories are always discarded as new observations are made

Explanation

Question 7 of 105

1

The results of ________ research in the study of perceptual development in lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.

Select one of the following:

  • Pure

  • Basic

  • Controlled

  • Action

Explanation

Question 8 of 105

1

Applied research is research undertaken

Select one of the following:

  • With humans

  • With lower animals

  • For its own sake

  • To find solutions to specific problems

Explanation

Question 9 of 105

1

The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between

Select one of the following:

  • Prediction and control

  • Practice and theory

  • Research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems

  • Applications and adaptation

Explanation

Question 10 of 105

1

Which of these is NOT one of the three main things psychologists engage in?

Select one of the following:

  • Analyzing

  • Practice

  • Research

  • Teaching

Explanation

Question 11 of 105

1

__________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span.

Select one of the following:

  • Health

  • Personality

  • Developmental

  • Social

Explanation

Question 12 of 105

1

__________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.

Select one of the following:

  • Environmental

  • Forensic

  • Personality

  • Social

Explanation

Question 13 of 105

1

Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT

Select one of the following:

  • Aristotle

  • Democritus

  • Pythagoras

  • Socrates

Explanation

Question 14 of 105

1

The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was

Select one of the following:

  • Willhelm Wundt

  • William James

  • Charles Darwin

  • Gustav Fechner

Explanation

Question 15 of 105

1

Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a “near-death” experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is called

Select one of the following:

  • Insight

  • Self-revelation

  • Recovered memory

  • Introspection

Explanation

Question 16 of 105

1

What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology?

Select one of the following:

  • he wrote the first textbook of psychology

  • He defined psychology as the science of behavior

  • He established psychology as a laboratory science

  • He studied insight in lower animals

Explanation

Question 17 of 105

1

Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called?

Select one of the following:

  • Functionalism

  • Psychoanalysis

  • Behavorism

  • Structuralism

Explanation

Question 18 of 105

1

Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called ____________ to look into one’s own objective sensations and subjective feelings.

Select one of the following:

  • Conditioning

  • Psychoanalysis

  • Introspection

  • Insight

Explanation

Question 19 of 105

1

Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to

Select one of the following:

  • Break down conscious experience into basic elements

  • Focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior

  • Analyze the relationship between sensory stimuli and behavior

  • Determine the functions of conscious experience

Explanation

Question 20 of 105

1

Structuralism defined experience in terms of?

Select one of the following:

  • Behavioral tendencies and habits

  • Continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes

  • Functions of consciousness

  • Sensations, feelings, mental images

Explanation

Question 21 of 105

1

Functionalism was established by

Select one of the following:

  • G. Stanely Hall

  • Wilhelm Wundt

  • John Watson

  • William Jones

Explanation

Question 22 of 105

1

Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?

Select one of the following:

  • The mind is composed of discrete elements.

  • Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.

  • The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.

  • Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.

Explanation

Question 23 of 105

1

The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is called

Select one of the following:

  • Functionalism

  • Behavorism

  • Structuralism

  • Psychoanalysis

Explanation

Question 24 of 105

1

A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?

Select one of the following:

  • Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.

  • Consciousness is a continuous process.

  • Behavior and mental processes are adaptive.

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 25 of 105

1

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.

Select one of the following:

  • More intelligent

  • Better adapted to the environment

  • More conscious

  • Better at problem solving

Explanation

Question 26 of 105

1

The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior

Select one of the following:

  • were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.

  • were part of the unconscious.

  • led the individual to self-knowledge.

  • assisted the organism to adapt to the environment.

Explanation

Question 27 of 105

1

John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of

Select one of the following:

  • stream of consciousness.

  • unconscious mental processes.

  • measurable behavior.

  • sensation, feelings, and mental images.

Explanation

Question 28 of 105

1

John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.

Select one of the following:

  • behaviorism

  • functionalism

  • structuralism

  • psychoanalysis

Explanation

Question 29 of 105

1

John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all of the following EXCEPT

Select one of the following:

  • mental processes.

  • behavior.

  • consciousness.

  • feelings and thoughts.

Explanation

Question 30 of 105

1

B. F. Skinner made major contributions to

Select one of the following:

  • structuralism.

  • functionalism.

  • behaviorism.

  • Gestalt psychology.

Explanation

Question 31 of 105

1

Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner’s perspective the treat would be considered a

Select one of the following:

  • Bribe

  • Stimulus

  • Reinforcer

  • Control

Explanation

Question 32 of 105

1

Watson and Skinner had one objective in common, which was the

Select one of the following:

  • Treatment of disorders

  • Explanation of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement

  • Use of mental imagery

  • Discovery of unconscious conflicts

Explanation

Question 33 of 105

1

The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed

Select one of the following:

  • Psychoanalysis

  • Functionalism

  • Structuralism

  • Gestalt psychology

Explanation

Question 34 of 105

1

Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to

Select one of the following:

  • Psychotherapy

  • Adaptation to the enviornment

  • Perception

  • Habit

Explanation

Question 35 of 105

1

Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden ___________ in which a solution

Select one of the following:

  • Insight

  • Reinforcement

  • Introspection

  • Evolution

Explanation

Question 36 of 105

1

For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of

Select one of the following:

  • Trial and error

  • Insight and understanding

  • Rote practice and repetition

  • habit and environmental adaptation.

Explanation

Question 37 of 105

1

In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of

Select one of the following:

  • Intelligence

  • Reinforcement

  • Environment clues

  • Insight

Explanation

Question 38 of 105

1

Which of these sayings would a Gestalt psychologist most likely agree with?

Select one of the following:

  • If you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it

  • Monkey see, monkey do

  • The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

  • What you see is what you get

Explanation

Question 39 of 105

1

Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes while behaviorism emphasizes

Select one of the following:

  • Perception

  • Observation

  • Sensation

  • Introspection

Explanation

Question 40 of 105

1

The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is

Select one of the following:

  • Psychoanalysis

  • Structuralism

  • Functionalism

  • Gestalt psychology

Explanation

Question 41 of 105

1

The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on

Select one of the following:

  • Insight

  • Unconscious

  • Reinforcement

  • Introspection

Explanation

Question 42 of 105

1

Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method of

Select one of the following:

  • Scientific inquiry

  • Introspection

  • Self-knowledge

  • Psychotherapy

Explanation

Question 43 of 105

1

Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is called

Select one of the following:

  • Reality therapy

  • Insight therapy

  • Psychoanalysis

  • Behavior therapy

Explanation

Question 44 of 105

1

Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology

Select one of the following:

  • Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior

  • Learning is the basis of behavior

  • Humans are potentially good

  • The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts

Explanation

Question 45 of 105

1

The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.

Select one of the following:

  • Sociocultural

  • Humanistic-existential

  • Psychoanalytic

  • Social-cognitive

Explanation

Question 46 of 105

1

Dr. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children. Most likely, Dr. Maloff is a __________ psychologist.

Select one of the following:

  • Psychoanalytic

  • Behavioral

  • Sociocultural

  • School

Explanation

Question 47 of 105

1

Which of the following is NOT likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?

Select one of the following:

  • Alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groups

  • Color perception

  • Gender roles

  • Racial bias

Explanation

Question 48 of 105

1

Dr. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical depression as part of a larger study of Asian men’s attitudes toward health issues. Dr. Rabin is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.

Select one of the following:

  • Humanistic-existential

  • Sociocultural

  • Industrial

  • Personality

Explanation

Question 49 of 105

1

Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish has an impact on intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.

Select one of the following:

  • Psychoanalytic

  • Humanistic-exitstential

  • Learning

  • Sociocultural

Explanation

Question 50 of 105

1

The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the

Select one of the following:

  • Behavior of society

  • Influence of a group on the behavior of the individual

  • Issues of gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status

  • Makeup of social and cultural organizations

Explanation

Question 51 of 105

1

Critical thinking is associated with

Select one of the following:

  • Skepticism

  • Respect

  • Disbelief

  • Opposition

Explanation

Question 52 of 105

1

A(n) __________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.

Select one of the following:

  • Observation

  • Scientific method

  • Theory

  • Hypothesis

Explanation

Question 53 of 105

1

The scientific method allows us to

Select one of the following:

  • Support popular opinion

  • Maintain traditions

  • Justify our values

  • Test ideas and refine knowledge

Explanation

Question 54 of 105

1

Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?

Select one of the following:

  • Viewing TV violence increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children.

  • Viewing TV violence may influence children’s behavior.

  • Viewing TV violence is unlikely to change children’s behavior.

  • None of these.

Explanation

Question 55 of 105

1

A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that

Select one of the following:

  • becomes a selection factor in research

  • can be tested by gathering evidence

  • is accepted if it is popular

  • provides an operational definition

Explanation

Question 56 of 105

1

If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, this is called a ____________ that is a source of bias that could influence the results.

Select one of the following:

  • Correlation

  • Selection factor

  • Hypothesis

  • Placebo

Explanation

Question 57 of 105

1

As a scientist, you try not to speculate or draw conclusions when you do not have evidence. This approach is consistent with your use of

Select one of the following:

  • Common sense

  • Personal experience

  • Good economic decisions

  • The scientific method

Explanation

Question 58 of 105

1

In selecting research participants, the results can be generalized if the sample represents the

Select one of the following:

  • Ideas of the researcher

  • Common sense views of the times

  • Target population

  • Theory in question

Explanation

Question 59 of 105

1

A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.

Select one of the following:

  • Sample

  • Group

  • Team

  • All of these

Explanation

Question 60 of 105

1

Dr. Davis wants to study the TV viewing habits of elementary school children. He selects 50 children from local schools to participate in his research. These groups of students would be considered the

Select one of the following:

  • Population

  • Sample

  • Representative group

  • None of these

Explanation

Question 61 of 105

1

If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample, then you can __________ from the research sample to the larger population.

Select one of the following:

  • Replicate

  • Speculate

  • Generalize

  • Conclude

Explanation

Question 62 of 105

1

n a __________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.

Select one of the following:

  • Random sample

  • Selection sample

  • Stratified sample

  • Free sample

Explanation

Question 63 of 105

1

If 12% of the American population is Hispanic, what percentage of a stratified sample would be Hispanic?

Select one of the following:

  • 6%

  • 24%

  • 12%

  • 88%

Explanation

Question 64 of 105

1

Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a representative sample of American children?

Select one of the following:

  • No, because affluent suburban schools tend to be less racially, ethnically, and economically diverse than the nation as a whole.

  • No, because they are nothing like the average American child.

  • Yes, because public education is available to all children.

  • Yes, because they have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages.

Explanation

Question 65 of 105

1

A ________ is a method of collecting information about individuals or small groups.

Select one of the following:

  • Correlation

  • Journal

  • Survery

  • Case Study

Explanation

Question 66 of 105

1

Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases.

Select one of the following:

  • Controversial

  • Rare

  • Stratified

  • Random

Explanation

Question 67 of 105

1

The ___________ method(s) of observation may produce inaccurate results because of inaccuracies in people’s memory.

Select one of the following:

  • Case study

  • Naturalistic observation

  • Survery

  • Case study and survery

Explanation

Question 68 of 105

1

The __________ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large numbers of people.

Select one of the following:

  • Case study

  • Scientific

  • Experimental

  • Survery

Explanation

Question 69 of 105

1

An advantage of survey research is that

Select one of the following:

  • it allows you to get in-depth information.

  • it allows you to have a large sample size.

  • it allows you to work in a lab.

  • it is less subject to volunteer bias.

Explanation

Question 70 of 105

1

Working for a consumer research organization, a woman needs to learn about behavior that she can neither observe in its natural setting nor study experimentally. She probably will use the __________ method.

Select one of the following:

  • observational

  • case study

  • experimental

  • survey

Explanation

Question 71 of 105

1

By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another behavior or trait.

Select one of the following:

  • correlational

  • statistical

  • experimental

  • survey

Explanation

Question 72 of 105

1

A correlation coefficient is a number

Select one of the following:

  • indicating the percentile of a score.

  • representing a location on the normal curve.

  • that expresses the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

  • that presents the average relationship.

Explanation

Question 73 of 105

1

You design a test of intelligence. Based on the idea that intelligence is related to academic performance, you use __________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school.

Select one of the following:

  • an experimental method

  • a test-retest method

  • the correlational method

  • naturalistic observation

Explanation

Question 74 of 105

1

Which represents the strongest correlation?

Select one of the following:

  • +.97

  • +.90

  • +.09

  • -.99

Explanation

Question 75 of 105

1

Which of the following is most likely a correlation coefficient for a relationship between stress and health?

Select one of the following:

  • -0.78

  • +1

  • 0

  • +0.98

Explanation

Question 76 of 105

1

Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?

Select one of the following:

  • salary and years of education

  • age and incidence of illness

  • studying and GPA

  • all of these

Explanation

Question 77 of 105

1

In correlational research, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases, it is a __________ correlation.

Select one of the following:

  • positive

  • dubious

  • invalid

  • negative

Explanation

Question 78 of 105

1

There is a good chance that we will find a __________ correlation between time spent watching TV and grades in school.

Select one of the following:

  • Perfect

  • negative

  • positive

  • weak

Explanation

Question 79 of 105

1

The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is

Select one of the following:

  • observation.

  • correlation.

  • an experiment.

  • a case study

Explanation

Question 80 of 105

1

In an experiment, a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature has received a __________.

Select one of the following:

  • dependent variable

  • treatment

  • random effect

  • consequence

Explanation

Question 81 of 105

1

If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. The administration of caffeine is

Select one of the following:

  • the treatment.

  • the control

  • unethical

  • the dependent variable

Explanation

Question 82 of 105

1

In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined.

Select one of the following:

  • dependent variable

  • independent variable

  • placebo

  • observer

Explanation

Question 83 of 105

1

If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior, temperature would be the __________ variable.

Select one of the following:

  • dependent

  • Independent

  • hypothetical

  • correlated

Explanation

Question 84 of 105

1

The experimental group participants in an experiment receive

Select one of the following:

  • no treatment.

  • the dependent variable

  • the independent variable

  • the same treatment as the control group participants

Explanation

Question 85 of 105

1

The measured outcomes or results in an experiment are called

Select one of the following:

  • the independent variable

  • treatments

  • dependent variables

  • controls

Explanation

Question 86 of 105

1

In an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression, aggressive behavior would be the

Select one of the following:

  • treatment

  • independent variable

  • control variable.

  • dependent variable

Explanation

Question 87 of 105

1

An experiment in which the independent variable is noise level and the dependent variable is resistance to distraction, the goal is to observe whether distractibility is a(n) __________ noise

Select one of the following:

  • cause of

  • correlate of

  • treatment for

  • effect of

Explanation

Question 88 of 105

1

In an experimental design, participants in an experimental group receive ___________.

Select one of the following:

  • no treatment

  • conditions

  • Treatment

  • the answers

Explanation

Question 89 of 105

1

Participants who go through an experiment but who do not receive any treatment or manipulation are called the __________ group.

Select one of the following:

  • self-selected

  • random

  • control

  • experimental

Explanation

Question 90 of 105

1

Examples of a __________ would be the use of a “sugar pill” instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing.

Select one of the following:

  • Confederate

  • Placebo

  • Treatment

  • Bias

Explanation

Question 91 of 105

1

Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under which participants are unaware of, or __________, the treatment.

Select one of the following:

  • Blind to

  • Indifferent to

  • Unconscious of

  • Singled out for

Explanation

Question 92 of 105

1

Experimenters may believe that a certain kind of treatment is effective. Consequently, experimenter expectations can bias research outcomes. One way to control for experimenter and participant bias is to

Select one of the following:

  • be sure they understand ethics

  • debrief them

  • remind them of the importance of the research

  • Use the double-blind technique

Explanation

Question 93 of 105

1

In a __________ study, neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained

Select one of the following:

  • Single blind

  • Double blind

  • Confounded

  • Debriefed

Explanation

Question 94 of 105

1

Ethical standards in human research allow researchers to balance interests in acquiring new information with concern about

Select one of the following:

  • Ethical review

  • Debriefing

  • Informed consent

  • Confidentiality

Explanation

Question 95 of 105

1

____________ is a process of explaining the purposes and methods of the research after a study has been completed.

Select one of the following:

  • Debriefing

  • Controlling

  • Reviewing

  • Consenting

Explanation

Question 96 of 105

1

When research cannot be carried out with human participants, researchers

Select one of the following:

  • Must abandon the issues

  • Often rely on volunteers

  • Rely on theoretical models

  • Often use animals

Explanation

Question 97 of 105

1

The benefits of animal research

Select one of the following:

  • Are obvious to everyone

  • Can never justify the loss of the animal's right to freedom

  • Cannot be demonstrated

  • Must justify the harm that might be done to an animal

Explanation

Question 98 of 105

1

As an animal lover, you find it difficult to participate in the destruction of animals for research purposes. As a scientist, you

Select one of the following:

  • Fight the use of animal models by your colleagues

  • Know that these models are unjustified

  • Realize that ethical animal models are never uncomfortable for the animals

  • Understand the value of animal research and promote ethical standards.

Explanation

Question 99 of 105

1

Brain lesioning studies in rats have provided insights regarding

Select one of the following:

  • Abuses of animals in laboratories

  • Attachment in monkeys

  • Regulation of eating and eating disorders

  • Social evolution

Explanation

Question 100 of 105

1

Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying what?

Select one of the following:

  • Animal learning and motivation

  • Human thinking and memory

  • Genetic and hormonal effects on behavior

  • Introspection and behavioral disorders(

Explanation

Question 101 of 105

1

The humanistic-existential perspective unities ____ and ____ as central principles to this approach

Select one of the following:

  • Brain; behavior

  • Self-fulfillment; free choic

  • Mental processes; consciousness

  • Culture; values

Explanation

Question 102 of 105

1

Cathy was a successful real estate agent. At age 36, she decided to to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment for the past two years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy's behavior?

Select one of the following:

  • Psychodynamic

  • Social-cognitive

  • Humanistic-existential

  • Developmental

Explanation

Question 103 of 105

1

Five-year old Todd watched his father at his workbench, hammering together a bird house. Soon Todd was next to his father, hammer in tapping the workbench. Todd's behavior is best described as?

Select one of the following:

  • Social-cognitive

  • Behavioral

  • ociocultural

  • Neoanalytic

Explanation

Question 104 of 105

1

In ____ researchers study behavior when it actually happens or in the field.

Select one of the following:

  • Experiments

  • Correlational research

  • Naturalistic observations

  • Case studies

Explanation

Question 105 of 105

1

Unobtrusive measures strive to minimize ____ during naturalistic observation

Select one of the following:

  • Experimenter's expectations

  • Time involved

  • Inaccurate reporting

  • Interference with behaviors being observed

Explanation

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