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Question 1 of 48

1

Which of the following is not true of the Sand Brothers described at the beginning of Chapter 1?

Select one of the following:

  • As teens, their contact with adults was minimal.

  • They aggressively chased and killed a police officer.

  • They suffered brain damage as children.

  • They were of mixed race.

Explanation

Question 2 of 48

1

In July 2007, Conrad Black was convicted on four charges and acquitted on nine others. What did Black’s sentence consist of?

Select one of the following:

  • A fine issued by an American court.

  • A fine issued by a Canadian court.

  • A prison sentence in a Canadian prison.

  • A prison sentence in an American prison.

Explanation

Question 3 of 48

1

Which of the following cases would not be examined within the discipline of criminology?

Select one of the following:

  • A civil lawsuit filed by one corporation against another for copyright infringement.

  • Two teenagers caught breaking into homes.

  • The abduction of a child by one divorced parent who does not have custody over that child.

  • The theft of supplies from a private sector corporation.

Explanation

Question 4 of 48

1

The textbook identifies three reasons for studying crime. Which of the following is not among these reasons?

Select one of the following:

  • Crime affects all of us, either directly or indirectly.

  • By studying crime we will be able to establish the single causal factor that leads to crime.

  • Understanding crime may help us reduce it.

  • Learning about crime is intrinsically worthwhile.

Explanation

Question 5 of 48

1

Which of the following best reflects the relationship between the media and the perceptions of Canadians about crime?

Select one of the following:

  • Stories Canadians share about crime largely come from the police.

  • Stories on television, news and other media have little impact on Canadians’ understanding of crime.

  • Stories on crime in the media often provide an inaccurate and distorted picture of crime, on which Canadians tend to basis their own understanding.

  • Stories about Canadians’ experiences with crime as seldom discussed in the media.

Explanation

Question 6 of 48

1

Which of the following is not one of the six major areas of criminology?

Select one of the following:

  • Municipal bylaws.

  • Origins and role of law.

  • Social distribution of crime.

  • Definition of crime and criminals.

Explanation

Question 7 of 48

1

Which of the following is the textbook definition of the concept of “norms”?

Select one of the following:

  • Informal rules established by a government.

  • Established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct.

  • The culmination of regulations and laws established within a society.

  • Formal rules established by a government.

Explanation

Question 8 of 48

1

What do criminologists refer to as “established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct”?

Select one of the following:

  • Laws.

  • Values.

  • Sanctions.

  • Norms.

Explanation

Question 9 of 48

1

Which of the following best characterizes the legal definition of crime?

Select one of the following:

  • An act that violates the commonly accepted norms and values of a society.

  • A societal consensus about what constitutes a harm.

  • An act that is punishable with fines and other forms of government penalties.

  • An act that violates criminal law and is punishable with jail, a fine or other sanction.

Explanation

Question 10 of 48

1

Which of the following scenarios would best be classified as a white–collar crime?

Select one of the following:

  • The embezzlement of funds from a company by an employee.

  • A lawsuit for copyright infringement filed by one corporation against another.

  • The shoplifting of retail goods by a group of teenagers who frequent a mall.

  • The bankruptcy of a company, which leaves shareholders penniless.

Explanation

Question 11 of 48

1

Which of the following definitions of crime best captures a scenario in which government policy serves to punish the lower class?

Select one of the following:

  • A legal definition of crime.

  • A social consensus definition of crime.

  • A class conflict approach

  • An expanded definition including white–collar crime.

Explanation

Question 12 of 48

1

Eric is serving time for manslaughter, while his brother Michael is serving his country overseas at war. They have both killed people, yet Eric is labelled a “murderer,” while Michael is considered a “hero.” What does this illustrate?

Select one of the following:

  • Crime is morally defined.

  • Crime is legally defined.

  • Crime is personally defined.

  • Crime is socially defined

Explanation

Question 13 of 48

1

Which of the following best defines the consensus theory of criminal laws?

Select one of the following:

  • An agreement among police as to what constitutes a crime.

  • An agreement among lawmakers as to what constitutes a crime.

  • An agreement as to which new types of crimes (e.g., animal cruelty, terrorism) should be analyzed through the discipline of criminology.

  • An agreement of most of the people in society that certain acts should be prohibited by the criminal law.

Explanation

Question 14 of 48

1

Which of the following do conflict theorists believe?

Select one of the following:

  • Law is simply a codification of the values shared by most members of a society.

  • Criminology should study not just actions that violate the criminal law but also actions that are socially harmful.

  • Actions that violate the basic right of people to obtain the necessities of life and to be treated with dignity should be considered crimes.

  • The ruling class passes laws to maintain their privileged position by keeping the lower class under control.

Explanation

Question 15 of 48

1

Which of the following is not one of the new branches of criminology discussed in the textbook?

Select one of the following:

  • Patterns of crime.

  • Terrorism studies.

  • Surveillance studies.

  • Green criminology.

Explanation

Question 16 of 48

1

Which of the following is true from a historical perspective?

Select one of the following:

  • All societies have had to develop a moral order along with laws to retrain their members.

  • Some societies fail to develop a moral order or any kind of laws.

  • All societies have had to develop laws, but not all societies have had to develop a moral order.

  • All societies have had to develop a moral order, but not all societies have developed laws.

Explanation

Question 17 of 48

1

Which of the following is a common factor in dispute resolution processes for both small–scale societies and complex industrial societies?

Select one of the following:

  • They are both based on some form of moral order.

  • In both, influence is determined by personal attributes, not accumulation of goods.

  • They are both community–based.

  • They both entail a central role of the state.

Explanation

Question 18 of 48

1

In the opening pages of Chapter 2, Lenski (1966) classifies the history of societies into hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, and industrial societies. Which of the following was the central factor in how Lenski differentiated these societies?

Select one of the following:

  • Power relations within the society.

  • The degree to which political structures are organized.

  • The mode of production.

  • The degree of social stratification.

Explanation

Question 19 of 48

1

All of the following typically characterize hunting and gathering societies except one. Which is the exception?

Select one of the following:

  • Social bonding resting on similar beliefs and values.

  • Shared activities, cooperation, and ties of kinship.

  • Highly centralized structure for decision making.

  • Strong collective solidarity.

Explanation

Question 20 of 48

1

Which of the following best describes why there was such a strong need for self–restraint in small–scale societies?

Select one of the following:

  • Members needed to share the goods they accumulated.

  • When individuals did not restrain their behaviours in such societies, they could be put to death.

  • Self–restraint was reinforced by the strong political authorities in these societies.

  • To prevent the breakdown of a working order in these societies.

Explanation

Question 21 of 48

1

According to Newman, many disputes in hunting and gathering societies were fought over what was considered to be a highly valuable resource in that society. Which of the following was that valuable resource?

Select one of the following:

  • Water.

  • Women.

  • Children.

  • Fire.

Explanation

Question 22 of 48

1

In small–scale societies, which of the following was the primary method of addressing wrongs?

Select one of the following:

  • Chieftainships.

  • Self– or kin–based redress systems.

  • Formal laws.

  • Elders’ councils.

Explanation

Question 23 of 48

1

A member of a family seeks a settlement on behalf of a harmed family member. Which of the following dispute settlement systems in small–scale societies does this best represent?

Select one of the following:

  • Self–based redress.

  • Hunter–gatherer–based redress.

  • Tribal–based redress.

  • Kin–based redress.

Explanation

Question 24 of 48

1

Which of the following was not cited in the textbook as a form of punishment in small–scale societies?

Select one of the following:

  • Public stoning.

  • Ostracism.

  • Shaming rituals.

  • Public criticism.

Explanation

Question 25 of 48

1

Which of the following scenarios best characterizes the advisor system of dispute settlement?

Select one of the following:

  • Advisors acted as a moral authority within a small–scale society.

  • Advisors were elected to this position by the rest of the society.

  • Advisors were responsible for enforcing compliance with their decisions.

  • Advisors made recommendations based on rules they made up.

Explanation

Question 26 of 48

1

As societies evolved from hunting and gathering and became larger and more complex, which of the following was least likely to happen?

Select one of the following:

  • Some members generated a surplus of goods.

  • Inequality and hierarchical power structures emerged.

  • The concept of private property emerged.

  • The mutual interdependence of group members began to increase.

Explanation

Question 27 of 48

1

In which of the following dispute settlement mechanisms was the verdict imposed binding on the disputants?

Select one of the following:

  • Self– or kin–based redress systems.

  • Advisor systems.

  • Elders’ councils.

  • Mediator systems.

Explanation

Question 28 of 48

1

Which of the following was a characteristic of elders’ councils as a form of dispute settlement?

Select one of the following:

  • Elders often discussed their verdict with members of society prior to offering judgement.

  • Membership was dominated by members of the elite segments of society.

  • Council procedures were marked by a high degree of formality.

  • Women and men were equally represented.

Explanation

Question 29 of 48

1

Which of the following occurred as feudalism developed?

Select one of the following:

  • Each member was intimately involved with other members of the group.

  • Surplus food meant that everyone had a right to the results of collective labour.

  • Notions of individual responsibility replaced those of collective responsibility.

  • Kin–based dispute settlement in the form of public criticism gained popularity.

Explanation

Question 30 of 48

1

With the emergence of a centralized state under the Norman kings in England, which of the following characterized dispute settlement?

Select one of the following:

  • The Crown was the injured party in a dispute.

  • Individuals needed to pursue the prosecution of every crime.

  • Compensation was paid to the victims of crime.

  • Disputes were seen as violations against the victim.

Explanation

Question 31 of 48

1

As far as dispute settlement is concerned, which of the following was an important consequence of the rise of the merchant class and the coalition between merchants and monarchs?

Select one of the following:

  • The growth of commerce, money, and banking resulted in transactions governed by law instead of custom.

  • The Crown enacted laws to keep merchants powerless and subservient to them.

  • Merchants resisted new laws because they obstructed their business operations.

  • The transnational corporation was born, undermining existing national contract laws.

Explanation

Question 32 of 48

1

Which of the following represents an ideal case study in how economic power in human societies has made it difficult to control the actions of those who have power?

Select one of the following:

  • The rise of chiefdoms.

  • The rise of transnational corporations.

  • The rise of elders’ councils.

  • The rise of the advisor system.

Explanation

Question 33 of 48

1

According to the textbook, which of the following is not a major threat to state legitimacy and the rule of law?

Select one of the following:

  • Ecocide – assaults on entire ecosystems.

  • The growing popularity of restorative justice.

  • Growing and extreme levels of inequality.

  • The underregulated business practices of big corporations.

Explanation

Question 34 of 48

1

Which of the following is the main source of criminal law in Canada?

Select one of the following:

  • The Criminal Code.

  • The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.

  • The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

  • The Youth Criminal Justice Act.

Explanation

Question 35 of 48

1

In which of the following areas does the Canadian federal government have the exclusive jurisdiction to enact legislation?

Select one of the following:

  • Health.

  • Controlled drugs and substances.

  • Education.

  • Hunting and fishing.

Explanation

Question 36 of 48

1

According to the Supreme Court of Canada, all but one of the following must be true for an act to be defined as a crime by Parliament’s constitutional power. Which is the exception?

Select one of the following:

  • The majority of provinces and the federal government must agree on the prohibition and the penalty.

  • There must be a penalty for violating that prohibition.

  • There must be a prohibition against the conduct.

  • The prohibition and penalty must be directed against a “public evil” or some form of behaviour that has an injurious effect on the Canadian public.

Explanation

Question 37 of 48

1

The term criminal procedure includes all of the following except one. Which is the exception?

Select one of the following:

  • Defining the nature and scope of the power of criminal justice officials.

  • Provisions specifying the manner in which different categories of offences may be tried within the criminal court system.

  • Guidelines as to how, and under what conditions, Parliament and the provinces can agree on what constitutes a new crime.

  • Specifying the available options in the prosecution of a criminal case.

Explanation

Question 38 of 48

1

The Criminal Code specifies various types of assault based on the level of harm (simple assault, aggravated assault, assault causing bodily harm, etc.). Which of the following terms best describes this broad category of offence?

Select one of the following:

  • Felony.

  • Hybrid.

  • Capital.

  • Summary.

Explanation

Question 39 of 48

1

Which of the following does not distinguish a criminal law from a regulatory offence?

Select one of the following:

  • One addresses “true crimes” while the other addresses less serious offences.

  • Criminal laws can proscribe penalties while regulatory laws cannot.

  • Regulatory offences do not constitute harms against society while criminal offences do.

  • The provincial governments can enact regulatory laws but not criminal laws.

Explanation

Question 40 of 48

1

To which of the following does “common law” refer?

Select one of the following:

  • The Criminal Code of Canada.

  • Judge–made law that evolved in areas not covered by legislation.

  • Laws passed in Britain that still apply in post–colonial Canada.

  • Laws that apply only to non–government officials.

Explanation

Question 41 of 48

1

According to the Supreme Court of Canada in the Mabior (2012) case, a criminal conviction requires that the Crown prove mens rea on the part of the defendant. In the context of criminal law, what does this Latin term refer to?

Select one of the following:

  • A culpable criminal act.

  • A conspiracy.

  • A true crime.

  • A guilty mind.

Explanation

Question 42 of 48

1

In the context of criminal law, establishing actus reus and mens rea are important because they are:

Select one of the following:

  • The fundamental elements that must be proven to convict someone of a criminal offence.

  • The differences between criminal and regulatory offences.

  • Acts that render a person guilty of an indictable offence.

  • The two main sections of the Criminal Code.

Explanation

Question 43 of 48

1

What defence was used by a person whose actions were proved to be involuntary?

Select one of the following:

  • Self–defence.

  • Automatism.

  • Mistake of fact.

  • Penal negligence.

Explanation

Question 44 of 48

1

“The accused knows that his or her conduct could cause certain prohibited consequences but deliberately proceeds with that conduct because he or she does not care one way or another.” Which of the following forms of subjective mens rea does this describe?

Select one of the following:

  • Recklessness.

  • Negligence.

  • Automatism.

  • Willful blindness.

Explanation

Question 45 of 48

1

A lawyer in Montreal was convicted of the Criminal Code offence of money laundering because he did not want his drug trafficking client to tell him how he accumulated the $500,000 in small bills, which reeked of marijuana and were handed over to him in a hockey bag. What legal concept best represents the circumstances of the lawyer’s conviction?

Select one of the following:

  • Willful blindness.

  • Mistake of fact.

  • Automatism.

  • Negligence.

Explanation

Question 46 of 48

1

According to your textbook, what is the term used to describe the circumstances when a person attempts to bring about a crime but is unsuccessful in doing so?

Select one of the following:

  • A conspiracy offence.

  • An indictable offence.

  • A summary offence.

  • An inchoate offence.

Explanation

Question 47 of 48

1

Which of the following is not considered a valid defence to a criminal charge?

Select one of the following:

  • Not criminally responsible.

  • Duress.

  • Necessity.

  • Unaware of the law.

Explanation

Question 48 of 48

1

An accused was acquitted of theft because it was proven in a criminal court that his wife was threatened with murder if he did not commit the theft. What is the legal term used to describe this defence to a criminal charge?

Select one of the following:

  • Provocation.

  • Necessity.

  • Unaware of the law

  • Duress.

Explanation

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