Complete the equation: Pulmonary ventilation=

Give four risk factors, other than smoking, which are associated with emphysema.

Give four steps to show what happens when we exhale.

Give four steps to show what happens when we inhale.

How does emphysema reduce the efficiency of gas exchange?

How does fibrosis result in scar tissue?

How do emphysema and fibrosis affect ventilation?

Name three things that happen during an asthma attack.

What four properties of exchange surfaces make them easily colonised by pathogens?

What is the principal risk factor associated with emphysema?

What is the purpose of ventilation?

When a person starts to breathe out, the percentage of oxygen in the air first exhaled is the same as the percentage of oxygen in the atmospheric air. Explain why.

Why do people suffering from TB cough up blood and mucus?