What type of imbalance leads to Diabetes insipidus, what is the general cause of the balance and the symptoms?
What imbalance causes Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH) and what are the symptoms?
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) results in?
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in adults results in?
Hyposecretion ofGrowth Hormone (GH) in children leads to?
Myxedemia
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Endemic Goiter
Cretinism
Graves' Disease
Hyperparathyroidism due to tumor
Hypoparathyroidism
Aldosteronism
Addison's Disease
Cushing's Syndrome
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Diabetes mellitus signs
Hypoglycemia
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone
Growth Hormone
aka Somatotropin
Gherlin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrencorticotrpic Hormone
(ACTH)
Gonadotropins in females
Gonadotropins in males
Prolactin
(PRL)
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Melatonin
Glucagon
Insulin
Estrogen
Testosterone
Leptin
Resistin
Adiponectin
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Seratonin
– Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Erythropoietin
Renin
Anemia
Hemorrhagic anemia
• Chronic hemorrhagic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Renal anemia
Aplastic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
• Thalassemias
Hemoglobin S
– Sickle-cell anemia
• Polycythemia vera
• Secondary polycythemia
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Leukemia
Acute leukemia
Leukemia
Infectious mononeucleosis
Thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B
Hemophilia C
Disemminated Intravascular Coagulation
(DIC)
Hemolytic Disease of the newborn
aka Erythroblastosis fetalis
Transfusion reactions
Pericarditis
**Pathway of blood through the heart
Incompetent valve
Valvular stenosis
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Atriventricular (AV) node
Arrhythmias
Fibrillations
Ectopic focus
Heart block
Main Factors Effecting Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume:
Preload
Stroke Volume:
Contractility
Stroke Volume:
Afterload
Extrinsic factors effecting Stroke Volume
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Purpose of valves
Arteries
Veins
Factors aiding venous return
Hypertension
Othostatic hypotension
Chronic hypotension
Acute hypotension
Hypovolemic shock
Vascular shock
Cardiogenic shock
Three important sources of peripheral resistance
As resistance increases, blood flow ____________
As resistance decreases, blood flow ______________
As resistance increases, blood pressure __________
As resistance decreases, blood pressure ___________
Baroreceptor Reflexes
Chemoreceptor reflexes
Norepinephrineand epinephrine effects on blood pressure
Antidiuretic hormone effects on blood pressure
Angiotensin II effects on blood pressure
ANP effects blood pressure
Nitric oxide effects blood pressure
Alcohol effects blood pressure
Direct Renal Regulation effects on blood pressure
Renal Regulation:
Indirect mechanism
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Mucosa-associated Lymphod Tissue
(MALT)
Tonsils
Peyers patches
Appendix
T Cell Maturation
(Becoming immunocompetent)
B cell maturation
Activation of B and T cells
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
Antibody Mechanisms
Cytotoxic T cells
Natural Killer Cells
Helper T cells
Innate Immune System Defenses
Autoimmune diseases
Mechanisms of Autoimmune Disease
Hypersensitivities
Immediate (accute) Hypersensitivity
Subacute Hypersensitivites:
Cytotoxic (Type II) Reactions
Subacute hypersensitivities:
Immune complex (Type III)hypersensitivity
Delayed hypersensitivities:
Type IV
AIDS
Hodgkin's Disease
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Rhinitis
Atelectasis
Inspiration
Expiration
Asthma/Allergies
Hypoxia
Anemic hypoxia
Ischemix hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia
Hypoxemic hypoxia
Carbon monoxide poisoning
COPD
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
Tuberculosis
Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer:
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell Carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
Cystic Fibrosis
Increased altitude leads to _____ atmospheric pressure
Acute Mountain Sickness
Unloading of O2
Carbohydrates are mechanically digested in ____________
Lipids are mechanically digested in __________
Proteins are mechanically digested in ________________
Carbohydrates are chemically digested in ____________
Lipids are chemically digested in ____________
Proteins are chemically digested in ___________
Chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach
Secretin
Cholecystokinan
Gastrin
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Carbohydrate Absorption
Dental Caries
(Cavities)
Gingivitis
Periodontitis
Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer
GERD
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Gallstones
Diverticulitis
Celiac disease
Colon Cancer
Effects of Angiotensin II
Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism
Pyelitis
Pyelonephritis
Renal failure
Kidney Stone
Urinary tract infection
incontinence
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidoses
Respiratory alkalosis
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Prostatitis
Prostate cancer
Breast Cancer
Ectopic Pregnancy
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia
Genital Warts
Genital Herpes
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase of Ovarian Cycle
Ovarian Cycle: Ovulation
Luteal Phase of Ovarian Cycle
Aldosterone effects on Sodium Balance
ANP Effects on Sodium Balance
Aldosterone Effect on Potassium
Estrogen Effect on Sodium
Progesterone Effect on Sodium
Glococorticoids (cortisol) Effect on Sodium
Hormones that increase sodium reabsorption
Hormones that cause excretion or inhibits reabsorption of sodium
Considerations regarding the ability to kill microbes
Action of Antimicrobial Agents:
Alteration of membrane permeability
Action of Antimicrobial Agents:
Denature proteins
Action of Antimicrobial Agents:
Damage nucleic acids
Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Heat
Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Cold
Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Drying
Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Filtration
Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Osmotic pressure
Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Radiation
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Phenol/Phenolics
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Soap and detergents
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Alcohol
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: heavy metals
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Chlorine
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Iodine and Iodaphors
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Aldehydes
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Gaseous sterilizers
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Hydrogen peroxide
Compound 606
Prontosil
Alexander Flemming
- Howard Florey & Ernst Chain
- Selman Wacksman
Antibiotic
Antimicrobial Drug
Ideal qualities of an antibiotic/antimicrobial drug
Targets of antibiotics/antimicrobial drugs
Narrow spectrum antibiotic/antimicrobial drug
Broad spectrum antibiotic/antimicrobial drug.
How to determine which antibiotic/antimicrobial drug to use.