Which of the following is an example of a nonparametric test?
a z test
a paired t-test
chi-square test
confidence interval estimation
Which of the following is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses about the discrepancy between the observed and expected frequencies in two or more nominal categories
related samples sign test
paired t-test
all of the above
A genetics researcher expects 1:1:1:1 across four groups to align with Mendelian ratios.. If 200 people are tested, then what is the expected frequency for each group?
25 people
50 people
100 people
200 people
A chi-square goodness-of-fit test shows that the frequencies observed fit well with those that were expected. Hence, the decision was to
reject the null hypothesis
retain the null hypothesis
no decision was made
accept the null hypothesis
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test are [k=# categories, n=sample size]
k-1
n-1
(k1 - 1)(k2 - 1)
(k - 1)(n - 1)
As a general rule, the larger the degrees of freedom for a chi-square test
the smaller the critical value will be
the larger the critical value will be
the smaller the level of significance will be
the larger the level of significance will be
A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 5 (k=# categories). What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
4
5
9.49
11.07
A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 3 and x (?) = 4.32. What is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance?
Retain the null hypothesis
Reject the null hypothesis
There is not enough information to answer this question.
A chi-square goodness-of-fit test leads to a decision to retain the null hypothesis. Which of the following correctly explains this decision?
frequencies observed were significantly different from frequencies expected at each level of the categorical variable
frequencies observed were significantly different from frequencies expected across the levels of the categorical variable
frequencies observed were significantly different from frequencies expected within and between expected frequencies
Frequencies observed were statistically similar to the frequencies expected at each level of the categorical variable
When computing a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for a 2 x 2 table, the frequency expected in a given cell should never be less than
the sample size
the number of cells
the frequency observed
five
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test for independence test are [k are categories, n are sample size]
k - 1
n - 1
A researcher tests whether levels of education and income levels are related. In this study, he observes the following frequencies. If he computes a chi-square test for independence at a .05 level of significance, then what is the decision for this test?
Education Level
High School Bachelor's Degree Graduate Degree Low Income 22 8 5 High Income 8 12 28
Education and income level are related
Education and income level are not related
Education and income level are independent
Both B and C are appropriate
To compute the expected frequencies for a chi-square test for independence, we use which of the following formulas?
p(n)
(row total + column total)/grand total
(row total * column total)/grand total
If the expected frequencies equal to observed frequencies for a chi-square test for independence, what do we conclude?
the degrees of freedom for the test are equal to 0
the test statistic value is equal to 0
the frequencies observed fit well with the frequencies expected
both B and C
A researcher conducts two chi-square tests. The 2 2 chi-square was 2 = 3.82. The 2 3 chi-square was 2 = 5.02. Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance?
A) the 2 2 chi-square
B) the 2 3 chi-square
C) both chi-square tests results in a decision to reject the null hypothesis
D) none; both chi-square tests result in a decision to retain the null hypothesis
When assumptions regarding expected cell counts are not met, an alternative test to the chi-square test is:
McNemar’s test.
The Goodness of Fit test.
The Sign test.
Fisher’s Exact test.
17. The chi-square test assumes independence between observations. When the design is matched and we wish to compare two dichotomous variables, which test is appropriate?
A) McNemar’s test.
B) The Goodness of Fit test.
C) The Related Sample Sign test.
D) Fisher’s Exact test.
18. For an analysis of variance, the term “one-way” refers to
A) the number of factors in the design
B) the number of statistical tests in the design
C) the number of ways that the data can be analyzed
D) the direction that traffic should follow on a road
19. The term “between-subjects” refers to
A) observing the same participants in each group
B) observing different participants one time in each group
C) the type of post hoc test conducted
D) the type of effect size estimate measured
20. A lowercase k is used to denote
A) the number of groups in a study
B) the number of participants in a study
C) the number of levels of the factor in a study
D) both A and C
21. The source of variability associated with error variance in the one-way between-subjects ANOVA is called
A) between-groups variability
B) within-groups variability
C) degrees of freedom
D) both A and B
22. Without changing the value of error variance, the ________ the between-groups variability, the more likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.
A) larger
B) smaller
C) more homogeneous
D) less spread
23. What is the minimum number of groups that can be observed using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA design?
1
2
3
24. A researcher notes that the variability attributed to difference between group means is quite large. Which source of variation is the researcher referring to?
A) between-persons
B) within-groups
C) between-groups
D) error
25. ANOVA stands for,
A) analysis of variety
B) analysis of variable attributes
C) analysis of variance
D) association of novel operating variable analyses
26. The degrees of freedom for the between-groups variability is called
A) degrees of freedom numerator
B) degrees of freedom denominator
C) degrees of freedom between-groups
27. The degrees of freedom for error is called
A) degrees of freedom error
C) degrees of freedom within-groups
D) all of the above
28. A researcher compares differences in creatinine between participants in a three treatment groups. If she observes 15 participants in each group, then what are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) (2, 12)
B) (3, 43)
C) (2, 42)
D) (3, 12)
29. A researcher conducts a study in which k = 5 and N = 80. What are the degrees of freedom between-groups for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) 4
B) 5
C) 75
D) 395
30. A researcher assigned participants (n = 8 per group) to three dose groups. Different participants were assigned to each group and then assessed for a specific biomarker. What is the critical value for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?
A) 3.07
B) 3.44
C) 3.47
D) 4.32
31. Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) The population being sampled from is normally distributed.
B) Participants were selected to participate using a random procedure.
C) One observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation.
32. Computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when
A) different participants are observed one time in each of two or more groups for one factor
B) the same participants are observed in each of two or more groups for one factor
C) the levels of one or more factors are manipulated
33. A researcher divides participants into groups that will engage in low, moderate, or intense levels of exercise. The total calories consumed by participants following the exercise are then recorded. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
A) a related samples t test
B) a two-independent sample t test
C) a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
D) both B and C
34. Homogeneity of variance is an assumption for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. What does this assumption mean?
A) that the population being sampled from is normally distributed
B) that participants are randomly selected to participate in a sample
C) that the variance is equal in each population from which samples are selected
D) that one observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation
35. A researcher randomly assigned 16 rodents to experience one of four levels of shock (n = 4 per group) following the illumination of a visual cue. If SSB = 24 and SSW = 48, then what was the decision at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) Reject the null hypothesis.
B) Retain the null hypothesis.
C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
D) Do not reject the null hypothesis.
36. A researcher assigns 21 subjects to 3 treatment groups. An equal number of participants are assigned to each group. If F = 4.08 for this study, then what was the decision at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
D) Do not reject the null hypothesis
37. A researcher conducts two studies on self-perception. In Study 1, 24 participants rate how positively they view themselves (on a 5-point scale) in one of three groups (n = 8 per group). In Study 2, the researcher conducts a similar study, except that k = 3 and n = 8. If SSB = 28 and SSE = 42 in both studies, then in which study will the decision be to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) Study 1
B) Study 2
C) both
D) none
38. A researcher computes the following one-way between-subjects ANOVA table. State the decision at a .05 level of significance. (Hint: Complete the table first.) Source of Variation SS df MS F Between groups 32 4
Within groups (error)
45
Total 122
C) Accept the null hypothesis.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
39. A researcher computes the following one-way between-subjects ANOVA table for a study where k = 3 and n = 12. State the decision at a .05 level of significance. (Hint: Complete the table first.) Source of Variation SS df MS F Between groups 120
Total 780
40. In a study with four groups and 10 participants in each group, the sum of squares for the between-groups source of variation is 60. What is the value for the mean square between-groups in this study?
A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 1.67
41. When the variability attributed to between-groups is equal to the variability attributed to error, then the value of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is,
A) Equal to 0.
B) Equal to 1.
C) Significant at any sample size.
D) Undefined in that the test statistic cannot be computed in this case.
42. Following a significant one-way between-subjects ANOVA in which k > 2, what is the next appropriate step?
A) Summarize the data; no further tests are required.
B) Interpret the data; no further tests are required.
C) Conduct post hoc tests.
43. Which of the following is not a post hoc test for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) F test for equal variance
B) Fisher's LSD test
C) Tukey's HSD test
D) Bonferroni test
44. Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the greatest power to detect an effect?
A) Schaffé test
B) Tukey's HSD test
C) Bonferroni test
D) Fisher's LSD test
45. Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the least power to detect an effect?
A) Fisher's LSD test
C) Studentized Newman-Keuls
D) None; each post hoc test is associated with the same power to detect an effect.
46. Post hoc tests are computed
A) Prior to conducting a hypothesis test.
B) To determine which set of degrees of freedom can be attributed to the variability between-groups.
C) Following a significant ANOVA test to make pairwise comparisons.
D) to determine if groups means differ, even for tests in which the decision is to retain the null hypothesis.
47. The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 37) = 3.42, p < .05. How many pairwise comparisons need to be made for this ANOVA result?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 12
48. The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 37) = 3.42, p < .05. How many participants were observed in this study?
A) 12
B) 37
C) 40
D) 39
49. The Kruskal-Wallis test is the nonparametric analog to the
A) one sample z test for a single population mean.
B) two independent samples t test.
C) one-way ANOVA F test.
D) paired t test.
50. The Kruskal-Wallis test can be used to:
A) compare a ranked outcome by race group (W, AA, Other).
B) compare a skewed continuous variable by a categorical variable with four levels.
C) compare an interval/ratio variable across more than two groups
D) All of the above
51. The Kruskal-Wallis test relies on:
A) ranked data
B) raw data
C) mean values
52. The null hypothesis for the Kruskal-Wallis test is
A) the difference in ranks for the groups do not differ
B) the median values for the groups do not differ
C) the sum of the ranks in each group do not differ
D) the sum of the ranks in each group do differ
53. The test statistic used for the Kruskal-Wallis test follows which distribution?
A) the chi-square distribution with (k-1) degrees of freedom
B) the t distribution with (k-1) degrees of freedom
C) the F distribution with (1, k-1) degrees of freedom
D) the standard normal distribution
54. A post-hoc test that can be used following a significant Kruskal-Wallis test is:
A) Tukey’s LSD test
B) Bono U2 test
C) Dunns Q test
D) Duncin’s HSD test
55. The correlation coefficient is used to measure the ________ and ________ of the linear relationship between two factors.
A) date; time
B) mean; variance
C) significance; effect size
D) strength; direction
56. The correlation coefficient ranges from -1.0 to +1.0, with values closer to ±1.0 indicating
A) a more positive relationship between two factors
B) a stronger relationship between two factors
C) that two factors are less likely to be related
D) that the correlation is due to outliers
57. Which of the following indicates the strongest correlation?
A) r = -0.57
B) r = +0.78
C) r = -0.90
D) r = +0.88
58. The following graphs display the data points for two linear correlations. Based on the information provided in these graphs, ________ displays a negative correlation and ________ displays a stronger correlation.
A) Graph A; Graph B
B) Graph B; Graph A
C) Graph A; Graph A
D) Graph B; Graph B
59. The numerator of the correlation coefficient measures the extent to which two variables
A) vary together
B) vary independently
C) covary
60. A researcher measures the following correlation between cups of coffee consumed daily and daily work schedule. Which description best explains the relationship between these two factors?
A) The more a person works, the more coffee he or she tends to drink.
B) The less a person works, the more coffee he or she tends to drink.
C) The more a person works, the less coffee he or she tends to drink.
D) No linear pattern is evident.
61. The denominator of the correlation coefficient measures the extent to which two variables
62. The correlation coefficient measures the extent to which changes in one factor are _______ in a second factor.
A) related to changes
B) causing changes
C) causing variability
63. A researcher measures the relationship between narcissism and willingness to help. If SSXY = 240, SSX = 320, and SSY = 410, then what is the value of the correlation coefficient?
A) 0.002
B) 0.02
C) 0.66
D) 0.69
64. A researcher measures the relationship between two variables, X and Y. If SSXY = 340 and SSXSSY = 320,000, then what is the value of the correlation coefficient?
A) 0.32
B) 0.34
C) 0.60
D) almost a zero correlation
65. Suppose a correlation is computed in each of two samples. If the value of SSXY is the same in each sample, and √SSXSSY is larger in Sample 1, then in which sample will the value of the correlation coefficient be larger?
A) Sample 1
B) Sample 2
C) None; the correlation coefficient will be the same in both samples.
66. A researcher measures the following correlation: r = -0.21. What is the value of the coefficient of determination?
A) 0.04
B) -0.04
C) 0.42
D) -0.42
67. The assumption that there is an equal variance or scatter of data points dispersed along the regression line is referred to as
A) normality
B) linearity
C) homoscedasticity
D) restriction of range
68. What is the problem with the following data for computing a correlation? Factor 1 Factor 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
A) The correlation coefficient will equal 0 because it violates the assumption of normality.
B) The correlation coefficient will equal 1.0 because it violates the assumption of normality.
C) The correlation coefficient will equal 0 because it violates the assumption of linearity.
D) The correlation coefficient will equal 1.0 because it violates the assumption of linearity
69. The normality assumption states that the population of X and Y scores form a bivariate (“two variable”) normal distribution, such that
A) the population of X and Y scores are normally distributed
B) for each X score, the distribution of Y scores is normally distributed
C) for each Y score, the distribution of X scores is normally distributed
70. Which of the following is the assumption that the best way to describe the pattern of data is using a straight line?
71. Which of the following is a limitation for interpreting a correlation?
A) Correlations do not demonstrate cause-and-effect.
B) Outliers can change the direction and/or strength of the correlation.
C) Conclusions should not be drawn beyond the range of scores measured.
72. An unanticipated variable not accounted for in a research study that could be causing or associated with observed changes in one or more measured variables is called
A) reverse causality
B) restriction of range
C) a confound variable
D) homoscedasticity
73. A researcher observes a correlation of values from 2 to 10 points and draws conclusions about the full range of values in the population from 0 to 21 points. Which limitation for correctly interpreting a correlation coefficient did the researcher violate?
74. Outliers can change the _____ of a correlation.
A) direction
B) strength
C) sign (+, -)
75 A correlation coefficient can ______ demonstrate cause.
A) always
B) never
C) mostly
D) intermittently
76. The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient is a measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two ________ variables.
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
77. The appropriate correlation coefficient for measuring the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two ranked or ordinal variables is
A) the Spearman correlation coefficient
B) the point-biserial correlation coefficient
C) the phi correlation coefficient
D) none of the above
78. A researcher measures the correlation in rankings for a sample of restaurants and consumers' rankings of their favorite restaurants. If D2 = 96 and n = 12, then what is the value of the correlation coefficient?
A) 0.07
D) 0.94
79. A researcher measures the correlation of the time it take participants to complete two tasks purported to measure the same cognitive skill. Participant times are converted to ranks from fastest to slowest. If D2 = 165 and n = 20, then what is the decision for this correlation test?
A) Retain the null hypothesis.
B) Reject the null hypothesis.
80. To summarize correlations, we report:
A) the strength of the correlation
B) the direction of the correlation
C) the p value
81. Which of the following would not be reported for a correlation?
A) the sample size
B) the coefficient of determination
C) the critical values for each test
D) the strength and direction of the correlation
82. Select the description below that identifies the following correlation: r = .28, p < .01.
A) the correlation is positive
B) the correlation is statistically significant
C) the coefficient of determination is .08
83. A researcher measures the extent to which time spent watching educational preschool television programming predicts success in school. Which variable is the outcome variable in this example?
A) educational preschool television
B) type of television programming
C) success in school
D) time spent in school
84. A researcher measures the extent to which the speed at which people eat (in minutes) predicts calorie intake (in kilocalories). Which factor is the predictor variable in this example?
A) the speed at which people eat
B) calorie intake
C) minutes and kilocalories
86. Which of the following is used to determine the linear equation that “best fits” a set of data points?
A) correlational analysis
B) analysis of variance
C) analysis of regression
D) method of least squares
85. Linear regression describes the extent to which _______ predicts ________.
A) X; Y
B) the predictor variable; the outcome variable
C) the known variable; the to-be-predicted variable
87. Which of the following is used to determine the significance of predictions made by a best fitting linear equation?
88. A researcher reports the following equation for a best-fitting straight line to a set of data points: Y = -1.01X + 3.24. Which value is the y-intercept?
A) Y
B) X
C) ñ1.01
D) 3.24
89. A researcher reports the following equation for a best-fitting straight line to a set of data points: Y = 0.48X + 12.03. Which value is the slope?
B) 0.48
C) 12.03
D) The slope is not given in this equation
90. If SSXY = -16.32 and SSX = 40.00 for a set of data points, then what is the value of the slope for the best-fitting linear equation?
A) -0.41
B) -2.45
C) positive
D) There is not enough information; you would also need to know the value of SSY.
91. If b = -0.57, My = 2.75, and Mx = 5.25 for a set of data points, then what is the value of the y-intercept for the best-fitting linear equation?
A) 0.24
B) 11.68
C) -0.24
D) 5.74
92. Which of the following is not needed to compute the y-intercept using the method of least squares?
A) My
B) Mx
C) Mxy
D) the slope
93. Which of the following is not needed to compute the slope using the method of least squares?
A) SSY
B) SSX
C) SSXY
94. A researcher reports the following regression equation for two variables, X and Y: Y = 5.10X - 1.50. If X = 2.30, then what is the value of Y-hat?
A) 10.23
B) 11.73
C) 13.23
95. Using an analysis of regression, the variability in Y that is predicted by X is measured by the
A) regression variation
B) residual variation
C) correlation coefficient
D) coefficient of determination
96. Using an analysis of regression, the variability in Y that is associated with error is measured by the
97. Both sources of variation in an analysis of regression measure the variability in
A) X and Y
B) X only
C) Y only
98. The more that the variability in ____ is associated with regression variation, the more likely it is that X predicts Y.
A) XY
C) Y
99. Which of the following statements is true regarding the sources of variation present in an analysis of regression?
A) Regression variation measures variability in X, whereas residual variation measures variability in Y.
B) The closer that data points fall to the regression line, the more the variance in Y will be attributed to regression variation.
C) There are three sources of variation in an analysis of regression: regression variance, residual variance, and error variance.
D) When most of the variability in Y is associated with residual variation, then X predicts Y.
100. The degrees of freedom associated with regression variation are equal to
A) the number of predictor variables
B) the number of predictor variables minus one
C) n -1
D) n - 2
101. The degrees of freedom associated with residual variation are equal to
C) n - 1
102. If the coefficient of determination is 0.32 and SSY = 150, then what is the sum of squares residual for an analysis of regression?
A) 48
B) 102
C) 150
103. If the coefficient of determination is 0.30 and the sum of squares regression for an analysis of regression is 210, then what is the value of SSY?
A) 210
B) 300
C) 490
D) 700
104. In a sample of 22 participants, suppose we conduct an analysis of regression with one predictor variable. If F = 4.07, then what is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance?
A) X significantly predicts Y.
B) X does not significantly predict Y.
105. A researcher computes the following analysis of regression table. Based on the data given, what is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance? (Note: Complete the table first.) Source of Variation SS df MS F Regression
1 28
Residual
Total 118 19
106. An estimate of the standard deviation or distance that data points fall from the regression line is measured by the
A) sum of squares
B) standard error of estimate
C) criterion variable
D) predictor variable
107. The standard error of estimate is used as a measure of the ________ in predictions using the equation of a regression line.
A) linearity
B) appropriateness
C) accuracy
D) certainty
108. What is the computation for the standard error of estimate?
A) the square root of the mean square regression
B) the square root of the mean square residual
C) the mean square regression, squared
D) the mean square residual, squared
109. A researcher computes a perfect negative correlation, in which each data point falls exactly on the regression line. In this example, the value of the standard error of estimate will be
A) less than 0
B) greater than 0
C) equal to 0
D) There is not enough information to answer this question
110. A researcher computes an analysis of regression in which MSE = 0.82. What is the value of se in this example?
A) 0.67
B) 0.82
C) 0.91
111. A researcher computes the following analysis of regression table. Based on the data given, what is the value of the standard error of estimate? (Note: Complete the table first.) Source of Variation SS Df MS F Regression 28 1
5.60 Residual
A) 2.24
B) 5.00
C) 5.74
D) 8.49
112. Multiple regression is a statistical method that includes ____ predictor variable(s) in the equation of the regression line.
A) zero
B) one
C) two
D) two or more
113. A statistical method that includes two or more predictor variables in the equation of a regression line to predict changes in a criterion variable is called
A) analysis of variance
C) residual regression
D) multiple regression
114. One key advantage for including multiple predictor variables in the equation of a regression line is that it allows you to
A) detect mean differences between groups for each criterion variable
B) detect the extent to which two or more predictor variables interact
C) show cause-and-effect because many predictor variables are added
115. Which of the following equations is appropriate for a linear regression with three predictor variables?
Y' = bX + a
Y' = b1X1 + b2X2 + a
Y' = b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + a
Y' = b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4 + a
116. For a multiple regression analysis with 2 and 12 degrees of freedom, MS regression is 135 and MS residual is 15. What is the decision for this test?
A) reject the null hypothesis; the predictive variability of two predictor factors are significant
B) retain the null hypothesis; the predictive variability of two predictor factors are not significant
C) reject the null hypothesis; the predictive variability of one predictor factor is significant
D) retain the null hypothesis; the predictive variability of one predictor factor is significant
117. The value of b1 and b2 are referred to as,
A) unstandardized beta coefficients
B) standardized beta coefficients
C) regression variation
D) residual variation
118. To standardize the beta coefficients, we first,
A) analyze the significance of each data point
B) analyze the residual variation
C) convert the original data to standardized z scores
D) compute the standard error of estimate
119. The equation for the standardized regression equation is,
120. In addition to evaluating the significance of a multiple regression equation, we also should consider:
A) the significance of the residual variability
B) the complexity of the correlation coefficient
C) the relative contribution of each factor
D) the significance of each individual data point
121. If F = 2.04 for the relative contribution of one factor, then what is this value when converted to a t statistic?
A) 2.04
B) 1.43
C) 4.16
D) The conversion is not possible
122. To summarize any type of regression analysis, we report each of the following except the,
A) test statistic
B) degrees of freedom
C) p value
D) critical values
123. The scores or data points for a regression analysis are typically reported in,
A) a scatter plot
B) a bar chart
C) a pie chart
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