Rome: Geography and Natural Resources

-Marble, tufa, clay

-Forests

-Wild animals

Romans: Origins

-Livy and Dionysius

-Traditions

-Aeneas

-Romulus and Remus

Religion

-Spirits everywhere

-Originally household, eventually public

Etruscan Writing

-Romans didn’t preserve literature

-Most writing is in tomb inscriptions

-Looks similar to Greek alphabet

(Etruscans migrated from Lydia and settled into Italy)

(Some other people were like native to this area, but some migrated)

Culture

-Most information comes from necropolis

-Metallurgy (made bronze)

-Warfare

-Chariot races, gladiatorial events

-Religion (anthropomorphic gods)

-Pottery

Women

-Literate

-Adornment important

-Women in public

-Participated in leisure activities

First Kings of Rome

Romulus

-Basic unit was gens, Romulus organized groups called curiae that met in assembly called comitia curiata

-Also established senate: 100 nobles or patricians who gave king advice

-Plebs were excluded from comitia curiata

Numa

-Established religious in situations

-Revised calendar

Etruscan kings (Tarquins)

-Fasces symbolize absolute power of king

-Cioaca Maximas (great sewer)

Servius Tullius

-Expanded Curiae to include plebs

-Comitia Centuriata was made up of people ranked by property

-It replaced comitia curiata as citizen assembly

-Timocracy- poor people had less influence than wealthy

Tarquin the Proud

-Most repressive king

-Led the Romans over throwing Etruscan monarchy and established republic

Roman Republic

-509 B.C. overthrow Etruscans

-Law of 12 Tablets

-Lex Canuleia- law the plebs can marry patricians

Consuls

-Had imperium

-Elected by Comitia Curiata for 1 year term

-Could appoint a dictator in time of crisis

Senate

-Originally only patricians

-Served for life (unless kicked out for bad conduct)

-Controlled state treasury and collected taxes

-Ratified treaties and alliances

Assemblies

-Comitia Curiata

-Comitia Centuriata

-Concilium plebis originally only binding on plebs

-Hortensian law makes laws binding on all citizens

-Comitia Tributa plebis included all free citizens of Rome

Tribunes

-Leaders of plebs

-Sacrosanct

-Houses were considered sanctuaries

-Had the right to veto any official act passed by consuls or Senate

Quaestors

-Investigated murder cases

-Assistants to consuls

Praetors

-Acted as a judge

-In emergencies, assumed command of the army

Aediles

-Arranged public games

-Supervised grain supply

Censors

-Assigned citizens to gentes, curiae, and centuries

-Could appoint and remove senators

Expansion in Italy

-Rome conquered Etruscan city Veii

-Gauls invade Italy, besiege and sack Rome

-Gauls withdrew and settled in northern Italy

-Romans rebuilt their city, then began taking over Italy

-Eventually had control over central Italy

-Created a confederation in which allies had varying degrees of privileges

-Some given full Roman citizenship

-Others defended borders in return for Roman aid

-Bound to Rome, not to each other

-Kept peace

-Granted Roman citizenship and trading privileges

-Allies benefitted from Roman Roads

-Did not demand tribute

Revision of Constitution

-After Gallic Invasion, Rome had economic crisis

-Plebs lost farms and were indebted to patricians

-Plebs were allowed to colonize territory in conquered areas

-Established Roman presence

-Wealthy plebs wanted political representation

-Enacted Lucian Law, which said one consul must be a pleb

Expansion South

-Samnites united with Etruscans and Gauls against Rome, but were defeated

-Were then considered dominant power in Italy

-Pyrrhic wars, Pyrrhus king of epirus, defeated Romans using elephants and macedonian phalanx

-Pyrrhic victory- means victory offset by incredible loss

-Pyrrhus tried to get support from North, but cities stayed loyal to Rome

-Rome eventually defeated Pyrrhus getting Magna Graecia

Causes of Punic Wars

-Interest in controlling trade in the Mediterranean Sea

-Carthage’s fear of Rome

Events leading up to the Punic Wars

-Italian mercenary soldiers (Mamertines) seize Messina

-Set up piracy there

-King of Syracuse tries to evict them

-Ask Carthage and Rome for help

-Carthage and Rome are essentially fighting each other

First Punic War

-262 BC

-Most of the fighting takes place in Sicily

-Rome captures carthaginian ship to use as a model

-Xanthippus defeats Rome in Africa, forcing them back to Italy

End of 1st Punic War

-Carthaginian general - Hamilcar Barca

-Rome won naval battle near Africa

-Carthaginians left Sicily and surrounding islands, pay indemnity

-Pyrrhic victory

Sicily

-Not required to supply troops

-Instead pay annual tithe to Rome

Notes on Video

-munity - the soldiers besiege Carthage

-Rome says they only fight wars so will use an excuse and justify every war they fight. Saying it is only defensive wars

-Hamilcar goes to Spain (had good wealth and manpower)(lost a lot of troops and money) wants revenge on Rome

-He threatened the people in Spain (he just wanted troops)

-Hamilcar was father of Hannibal

-Saw Hamilcar in Hannibal

Hannibal

-Lives same lifestyle as men

-Not a king

-First into battle and last out

-Fights alongside of them

-Roman plan is to have one consul takes army to Hannibal (Spain)

-Another is going to fight Carthage (destroy)

-Crosses the alps with his elephants (lose half of troops and elephants)

More notes on video

-Consuls get glory for winning war

-Hoping to get other allies to join Hannibal so Rome would have to surrender after only having their troops

-Carthaginians were trained, Romans were just civilians

-Battle of Trebia - Hannibal has them move and they kinda surround them

-⅔ of the army was defeated

-Many of them (Romans) drown during the battle when Hannibal ambushed - Battle of Lake Trasimene

-Hannibal is burning Roman people and killing- ROMANS ARE VERY MAD

-Fabius Maximus that Rome appointed had a plan to not engage in a battle and to just follow Hannibal around to try to cut of resources (losing another battle could be very bad)

-Both consuls have power and fight against Hannibal in Cannae (Roman army almost doubled Hannibal’s)

Battle of Cannae

-Both Consuls sent

-Carthaginians step up in a crescent shape

-Knew that Romans would charge

-Carthaginians were outnumbered 2 to 1

-Brought sides around and they trapped Romans

-Many Romans died (single bloodiest day in ancient history) (more Romans died one this day then American soldiers in the whole Vietnam War)

Video Notes

-One officer adviser to attack Rome immediately after Cannae

-Hannibal doesn't think it is necessary he has injured and thinks Rome will surrender

-Many stay allied to Rome (Hannibal was confused)

-Southern Italy allied with Carthaginians

Battle of Zama

-Hannibal has men in 3 lines with elephants (80)

-Scipio Africanus or Scipio the younger (only Roman general that we care about) won

-Has seen how Hannibal fights and understands how his strategies

-Fought against a strongest cavalry

-The army sets up so they can move out of the way when the elephants come by

-Only battle that Hannibal loses

-He has to surrender

-Hannibal becomes a political leader and rids political corruption

-Hannibal lives rest of life on the run later committed suicide

3rd Punic War

-Cato the Censor concluded every speech with “Carthago delenda est”

-150 B.C. - Roman delegates traveled to Carthage demanding Carthage surrender arms and hostages

-Told to evacuate city

-Carthaginians shut themselves in city

-Africanus Minor setup blockage

-Carthage surrendered

-Rome burned city and “plowed salt in the soil”

Greece and Macedonia

-Macedonia invaded Greece, Greeks asked Rome for aid

-Rome defeated Macedonians and signed a peace treaty

-Macedonia kept its kingdom, but Rome and Macedonia withdrew from Greece

Asia Minor

-Antiochus conquered central Greece, so Rome intervened

-Conquered Antiochus and pursued him

-Defeated him in his territory and gained control of Asia Minor

Policy in East

-Originally Rome withdrew legions from conquered areas, this began to change

-Macedonia

-After defeating Macedonian king, Macedonia, Illyria, and Epirus were declared Roman provinces

-Greece

-Destroyed Corinth, making end of Greek independence

	Created by Ava Clost about 7 years ago

Note on Chapter 9 Notes , created by Ava Clost on 12/04/2017.