What does natural plant cloning occur in?

What are rhizomes?

How is natural plant cloning exploited in horticulture?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of natural plant cloning?

What is micropropagation?

When is micropropagation used?

How are plants kept sterile outside of a sterile lab?

How is micropropagation carried out?

What are the advantages of micropropagation?

What are the disadvantages of micropropagation?

What is the main form of vertebrate cloning?

What is artificial twinning?

How is artificial twinning carried out in cattle?

What is somatic cell nuclear transfer?

How is somatic cell nuclear transfer carried out?

What are the advantages of somatic cell nuclear transfer?

What are the disadvantages of somatic cell nuclear transfer?

What are the advantages of artificial twinning?

Define biotechnology

Define bioremediation

Why are microorganisms ideal for biotechnological processes?

What are the disadvantages for using microorganisms in indirect food production?

Describe how yeast is used in baking

How is beer made?

How is cheese made?

How is yoghurt made?

What fungus is Quorn made from?

What is SCP?

What are the advantages of using microorganisms in direct food production?

What are the disadvantages of using microorganisms in direct food production?

What is the fungus that is commercially used as penicillin?

How is penicillin produced?

What conditions are required in the production of penicillin?

What are the two possible approaches to biomediation?

What are natural organisms used for in biomediation?

What are GM organisms used for in biomediation?

Why is it important to culture microorganisms in strictly controlled conditions?

What is the difference between a nutrient broth and agar?

How is broth inoculated?

How is agar inoculated?

Describe the growth curve of a bacterial population in a closed system

What are the limiting factors for growth of bacteria?

Draw a graph to show the concentrations primary and secondary metabolites during the growth of a bacterial culture in a closed system

What is the difference between primary and secondary metabolites?

How is batch fermentation carried out?

How is continuous culture carried out?

What is the process of separating a culture broth to obtain the useful part called?

What factors are important to ensure the growing conditions in a bioreactor are at optimum?

Draw and label a diagram of a bioreactor

What are the advantages of isolated enzymes?

Why are extracellular enzymes easier to isolate than intracellular?

What are the advantages of immobilised enzymes?

What are the disadvantages of using immobilised enzymes?

What are the four methods of immobilising enzymes?

What are the advantages of surface immobilisation by adsorption to inorganic carriers?

What are the disadvantages of surface immobilisation by adsorption to inorganic carriers?

What are the advantages of surface immobilisation by forming covalent or ionic bonds to an inorganic carrier?

What are the disadvantages of surface immobilisation by forming covalent or ionic bonds to an inorganic carrier?

What are the advantages of entrapment in a matrix?

What are the disadvantages of entrapment in a matrix?

What are the advantages of entrapment in microcapsules?

What are the disadvantages of entrapment in microcapsules?