HIV

Question 1 of 24

1

HIV isn't a very ❌ virus and can't ❌ outside the body for any significant time. It can be passed on only in ❌, such as blood, vaginal secretions and semen, but ❌ saliva or urine. Infection can occur if you have ❌ with someone who is already infected, or if ❌ from such a person enters your bloodstream. For infection to occur, the body fluids have to be transferred ❌ into the body of the next host.

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tough

survive

body fluids

not

unprotected sex

blood

directly

Explanation

Question 2 of 24

4

For the infection to occur, the body fluids have to be transferred directly into the body of the next host. This can occur in the following ways:

Select one or more of the following:

Sharing needles
Unprotected sex. The virus can enter the bloodstream of a partner through breaks in the skin or lesions caused by other infections - usually these infections are other STIs. The use of a condom can prevent this transmission. Infection can also occur via oral sex, though this is rare.
Direct blood-to-blood transfer can occur through cuts and grazes. Police, paramedics and medical staff are particularly at risk from this method of transmission and precautions are taken to minimise the risk.
Maternal transmission from mother to unborn child or in breast milk. The risk of the virus being passed to the baby occurs in the last few weeks of pregnancy, mostly around the birth itself, when mingling of infant and maternal blood is likely to happen. Taking anti-HIV drugs during the last 3 months of pregnancy and giving birth by Caesarean section greatly reduces this risk, from about 20% to 5%. This option is only realistically available in countries with advanced medical care.
Droplet infection - through mucus or saliva suspended in air that has come from the infected person sneezing, coughing or talking.

Explanation

Question 3 of 24

3

Reasons for lower estimates for HIV/ AIDS cases?

Select one or more of the following:

improved methodology for making estimates
better HIV surveillance for countries
changes in key epidemiological assumptions used to calculate the estimates
cleverer peeps

Explanation

Question 4 of 24

1

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AIDS stands for . It's caused by infection with the aka HIV. A syndrome is a collection of symptoms related to the same cause, in this case the action of HIV, which gradually destroys parts of the system. The symptoms of AIDS are those of infections to which the patient becomes susceptible as their immune system is weakened.

Explanation

Question 5 of 24

1

HIV is a structurally ❌ virus, an example of an ❌ virus. The virus consist of ❌ surrounded by a 20-sided (icosahedral) ❌ (coat) enclosed in a layer of ❌. The ❌ is formed from the ❌ as the new virus particles emerge from the cell cytoplasm. Sticking through the envelope are viral ❌ (gp) molecules.

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enveloped

complex

RNA

protein capsid

viral protein

lipid envelope

host cell membrane

glycoprotein

Explanation

Question 6 of 24

1

Click on each orange point and select the correct answer.

Label the diagram:

Explanation

Question 7 of 24

1

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( HIV, TB ) invades ( T helper cells, B cells ) within the immune system. Glycoprotein molecules, called ( gp120, CD4 ), which are located on the virus surface, bind to the ( CD4, gp120 ) receptors on the surface of the ( T helper cells, B cells ). The envelope surrounding the virus fuses with the ( T helper cell, B cell ) membrane, enabling the virus ( RNA, DNA ) to enter the cell. ( Macrophages, Neutrophils ) also have CD4 receptors, so the viruses can also infect them.

Explanation

Question 8 of 24

1

Label the diagram:

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

gp120 molecules

CD4 receptor

cytoplasm

T helper cell

cell surface membrane

Explanation

Question 9 of 24

1

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Once inside the host , the virus needs to make the host cell replicate new virus components. HIV genetic material is in the form of not DNA. Therefore the first step is to reverse normal transcription and manufacture DNA from the RNA template. To do this, the virus uses an enzyme called . Viruses that contain RNA and use reverse transcriptase in this way are called . Once the HIV DNA strand is produced, it is integrated into the host's DNA by another HIV enzyme, . Once the HIV genome is integrated into the host cell's genome, it can be transcribed and translated to produce new virus .

Explanation

Question 10 of 24

1

The new HIV virus proteins produced, together with ❌ and nuclear material, are assembled into new viruses. The new viruses bud out of the T cell, taking some of the host cell ❌ with them as their ❌, and ❌ the cell as they leave. Infected T helper cells will also be destroyed by ❌.

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glycoproteins

surface membrane

envelope

killing

T killer cells

Explanation

Question 11 of 24

1

As the number of viruses increases, the number of host T helper cells increases.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 12 of 24

1

What does a loss of T helper cells result in?

Select one of the following:

macrophages, B cell and T killer cells aren't properly activated and don't function properly
a healthier immune system

Explanation

Question 13 of 24

5

What factors does the course of HIV/ AIDS depend on?

Select one or more of the following:

the health of the host before infection
their genetic resistance to infection
the quality of their immune response to initial infection
their lifestyle and nutrition
the availability of drug treatment
what clothes they enjoy wearing

Explanation

Question 14 of 24

1

AIDS has no cure

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 15 of 24

3

The Acute Phase:

Select one or more of the following:

HIV antibodies appear in the blood after 3-12 weeks
HIV antibodies appear in the blood after 40 weeks
The infected person may experience symptoms such as fever, sweats, headache, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes or they may have no symptoms
The infected person may experience symptoms such as dizziness, diarrhoea, tardive dyskenia or they may have no symptoms
There is rapid replication of the virus and loss the T helper cells
After a few weeks, infected T helper cells are recognised by T killer cells, which start to destroy them. This greatly reduces the rate of virus replication, but does not totally eliminate it.

Explanation

Question 16 of 24

5

The Chronic Phase:

Select one or more of the following:

Sometimes called the 'latent' phase
The virus continues to reproduce rapidly, but the numbers are kept in check by the immune system
There may be no symptoms during this phase, but there can be an increasing tendency to suffer colds or other infections, which are slow to go away
Dormant diseases like TB and shingles can reactivate
Can last for many years
Only lasts a few days

Explanation

Question 17 of 24

1

In fit young people with a ❌ lifestyle, the chronic phase can last for ❌ years or more, especially if combined with ❌ treatment. Unfortunately, most HIV infection occurs in ❌ countries with little money available to provide drugs and amongst people who often don't have access to food or ❌ water. These people may develop AIDS within a ❌ years of infection.

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healthy

20

drug

developing

clean

few

Explanation

Question 18 of 24

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Eventually, the increased number of viruses in circulation () and a declining number of T helper cells indicates the onset of AIDS, the phase. The decreased number of T helper cells leaves the immune system vulnerable to other diseases. These are known as , which can rapidly be fatal. They often include and TB. There can be significant . Patients can also develop - memory and intellect loss. Also susceptible to tumours, such as . This cancer is readily identified by purple/ black patches on the skin.

Explanation

Question 19 of 24

1

A normal T helper cell count is over 500 per mm cubed of blood. At what T helper cell count is there a high risk of opportunistic infections?

Select one of the following:

below 200 per mm cubed of blood
below 400 per mm cubed of blood

Explanation

Question 20 of 24

1

There is ❌ treatment to get rid of HIV in someone who is infected with the virus because the virus is ❌ inside T helper cells. But there are drugs available that ❌ the production of more viruses. These are known as ❌ drugs.

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no

hidden

reduce

antiretroviral

Explanation

Question 21 of 24

1

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors:

Select one of the following:

prevent the viral RNA from making DNA for integration into the host's genome
inhibit the proteases that catalyse the cutting of larger proteins into small polypeptides for use in the construction of new viruses

Explanation

Question 22 of 24

1

Protease inhibitors:

Select one of the following:

prevent the viral RNA from making DNA for integration into the host's genome
inhibit the proteases that catalyse the cutting of larger proteins into small polypeptides for use in the construction of new viruses

Explanation

Question 23 of 24

2

Which other drugs have also been approved for use?

Select one or more of the following:

integrase inhibitors
fusion inhibitor drugs
lactase inhibitors

Explanation

Question 24 of 24

1

HIV can develop ❌ to anti-HIV drugs and therefore these drugs are often given in ❌. If the virus becomes resistant to one drug, it may still be susceptible to the other drugs being taken. Access to antiretrovirals is increasing across the world and with it comes a decline in the number of AIDS-related deaths.

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resistance

combination

	Created by Ella Middlemiss almost 7 years ago

24 questions

Question 1 of 24

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Explanation

Question 2 of 24

For the infection to occur, the body fluids have to be transferred directly into the body of the next host. This can occur in the following ways:

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 24

Reasons for lower estimates for HIV/ AIDS cases?

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 24

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 5 of 24

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 6 of 24

Click on each orange point and select the correct answer.

Label the diagram:

Explanation

Question 7 of 24

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 8 of 24

Label the diagram:

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Explanation

Question 9 of 24

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 10 of 24

The new HIV virus proteins produced, together with ❌ and nuclear material, are assembled into new viruses. The new viruses bud out of the T cell, taking some of the host cell ❌ with them as their ❌, and ❌ the cell as they leave. Infected T helper cells will also be destroyed by ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 11 of 24

As the number of viruses increases, the number of host T helper cells increases.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 24

What does a loss of T helper cells result in?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 24

What factors does the course of HIV/ AIDS depend on?

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 24

AIDS has no cure

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 24

The Acute Phase:

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 24

The Chronic Phase:

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 24

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 18 of 24

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 19 of 24

A normal T helper cell count is over 500 per mm cubed of blood. At what T helper cell count is there a high risk of opportunistic infections?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 24

There is ❌ treatment to get rid of HIV in someone who is infected with the virus because the virus is ❌ inside T helper cells. But there are drugs available that ❌ the production of more viruses. These are known as ❌ drugs.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 21 of 24

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 22 of 24