BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7

Question 1 of 13

1

❌ is the discipline of naming and classifying (grouping) organisms.

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Taxonomy

Phylogeny

Explanation

Question 2 of 13

1

Linnaeus classified species into a hierarchy of increasingly broader categories i.e. families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdoms and domains.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 3 of 13

1

The placement of species into orders, classes and so on always reflects evolutionary history

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 4 of 13

1

TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS

These words have a similar history: over time these have been used as synonyms, as overlapping or as complementary terms.

In today's usage, ❌ deals with discovering, describing and naming organisms. ❌ deals with the phylogenetic relationships between taxa, especially at the higher levels.

Todays systematics is greatly influenced by DNA data from nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genes – ❌ systematics.

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taxonomy

systematics

Systematics

Taxonomy

molecular

Explanation

Question 5 of 13

1

The evolutionary history of a group of organism can be represented in a branching diagram call a phylogenetic tree.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 6 of 13

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

HOW TO INTERPRET A PHYLOGENETIC TREE

A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about ( evolutionary, genetic, ecological ) relationships. Phylogenetic trees show the pattern of descent ( not, and ) phenotypic similarity. The sequencing of branching in a tree ( does not, does ) necessarily indicate the actual (( absolute, relative )) age of the particular taxon. Unless specific information about what the branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree means – we should interpret the diagram solely in terms of its pattern. It ( should not, should ) be assumed that a taxon on a phylogenetic tree evolved from the taxon next to it.

Explanation

Question 7 of 13

1

CHARACTERS AND CHARACTER STATES

Phylogenetic ❌ is based on the analysis of characters and changes in character states (presence / absence or ❌). ❌ can be m❌, b❌ or molecular and need to have a shared ancestry -
❌. A potential source of confusion when constructing a phylogenetic tree is similarity between organisms that is due to convergence – ❌. Shared ancestral (❌) characteristics are inherited with little / no change from an ancestors. Shared derived characters are those that have undergone ❌ change and may be found only in closely related species.

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reconstruction

modifications

Characters

orphological

ehavioural

homologous

analogy

primitive

recent

Explanation

Question 8 of 13

1

Sequences alignment is necessary to determine molecular homology. In organisms that have very different sequences and are not closely related, the bases that they share may simply be coincidental matches – molecular homoplasies.

Label these two scenarios accordingly.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

molecular homology

molecular analogy

Explanation

Question 9 of 13

1

Which one of the following statements about cladistics is FALSE?

Select one of the following:

Cladistics is a methods for inferring phylogeny.
In cladistics, ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify (group) organisms.
Cladistics represents relationships as a series of branching events, that are determined by shared derived characters.
Cladistics includes overall similarities (ancestral characteristics).
A clade is a group which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
Cladistics emphasises monophyletic classification, that is, every grouping should consist only of organisms descended from a common ancestor.

Explanation

Question 10 of 13

1

Label each of these three scenarios on a phylogenetic tree.

NOTE: paraphyletic does not include all descendants of the common ancestor; polyphyletic does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Monophyletic group clade

Paraphyletic group

Polyphyletic group

Explanation

Question 11 of 13

1

INFERRING PHYLOGENIES

❌ the characteristics of an organism arose at some particular point in time Therefore it should be possible to determine the ❌ in which each shared derived character first appeared. ❌ are unique to a particular clade. This information can then be used to infer evolutionary ❌. However to do this we need an ❌ to serve as a point of ❌. An outgroup is a species or group of species that i known to have diverged ❌ the lineage that includes the species we are studying.

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All

clade

Shared derived characters

relationships

outgroup

reference

before

after

Explanation

Question 12 of 13

1

The principle of parsimony dictates that we should investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 13 of 13

1

For phylogenies based on DNA, the least parimonious tree requires the fewest base changes.

Select one of the following:

True
False

	Created by Eilidh Young almost 7 years ago

Stage I The University of Auckland BIOSCI 101 Quiz on BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7, created by Eilidh Young on 20/06/2017.

BIOSCI101 Evolution - Lecture 7

Question 1 of 13

❌ is the discipline of naming and classifying (grouping) organisms.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 2 of 13

Linnaeus classified species into a hierarchy of increasingly broader categories i.e. families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdoms and domains.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 13

The placement of species into orders, classes and so on always reflects evolutionary history

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 13

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 5 of 13

The evolutionary history of a group of organism can be represented in a branching diagram call a phylogenetic tree.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 13

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 7 of 13

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 8 of 13

Sequences alignment is necessary to determine molecular homology. In organisms that have very different sequences and are not closely related, the bases that they share may simply be coincidental matches – molecular homoplasies. Label these two scenarios accordingly.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Explanation

Question 9 of 13

Which one of the following statements about cladistics is FALSE?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 13

Label each of these three scenarios on a phylogenetic tree. NOTE: paraphyletic does not include all descendants of the common ancestor; polyphyletic does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Explanation

Question 11 of 13

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 12 of 13

The principle of parsimony dictates that we should investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 13

For phylogenies based on DNA, the least parimonious tree requires the fewest base changes.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Sequences alignment is necessary to determine molecular homology. In organisms that have very different sequences and are not closely related, the bases that they share may simply be coincidental matches – molecular homoplasies.

Label these two scenarios accordingly.

Label each of these three scenarios on a phylogenetic tree.

NOTE: paraphyletic does not include all descendants of the common ancestor; polyphyletic does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.