Literal language- Means exactly what it says at the simplest level
Figurative language has a more imaginative meaning

Inclusive language when words are used to include all people e.g We are a rainbow nation
Exclusive categorizes people e.g Many hotels have one rate for local people and a much higher for tourists
Exclusive language may also carry gender or race-related implications e.g. Every doctor has HIS own practice

Alliteration
The repetition of an initial consonant sound.
Allusion
Direct or indirect referral to a particular aspect e.g. Milton's poem paradise lost deals with temptation from the Bible
Antithesis
Compares and contradicts statements
Apostrophe
Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.
Assonance
Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring word.
Appropriation
A original text used for a different audience
Malapropism
misuse of words with similar sounds
Euphemism
The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
Epigram
a brief and pointed statement which contains humour
Hyperbole
An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.
Irony
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
Innuendo
A disapproving remark that hints at something
Litotes
A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.

Pre-fixes
ante-before e.g antenatal meaning before birth
anti-against e.g. anticlockwise
auto-self e.g. automatic
bene-good e.g. benefit
bi-both e.g. benefit
bio-life e.g biography
circum- around
dis- not e.g. displease