Pan-Africanism:

This represents the complexities of black politics and intellectual thought that have developed over the last few hundred years:

Pan-Africanism has been seen as interacting with various sectors of society from politics, ideology, organisation and culture
However, it really reflects a selection of political views
In its simplest terms, it is the doctrine that African people, both in Africa and the African diaspora, share a common history and destiny
A series of interconnected past and future

Garvey was one of the first to envision a global movement that would unite the black race and establish an African empire. In 1914, he established the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association). The UNIA sought to advocate for black pride to “strengthen the imperialism of independent African states”

The Pan-African Association, which Garvey became associated with, outlined its aims in a journal:

To secure the Africans and their descendants throughout the world their civil and political rights
To ameliorate the condition of our oppressed brethren in the continent of Africa, American, and other parts of the world.
To promote efforts to secure effective legislation and encourage our people in educational, industrial, and commercial enterprises.
To foster the production of writing and statistics relating to our people everywhere.
To raise funds for forwarding these purposes. (Pan-African Association 1901)

Garveyism:

Garveyism is a strain of black nationalism that references the economic and political policies of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey:

UNIA-ACL (Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League) was founded in 1914 as a black nationalist fraternal organization
Proponents of black nationalism usually sought to advocate for economic self-sufficiency, race pride of African-Americans and black separatism
The ideals of Garveyism centre on the unification and empowerment of the African-American population under the banner of their collective descent from Africa
Campaigns of ‘Garveyites’ wanted profits sent back to the African continent that came from the labour of slave descendants
Garvey put his ideas forward when African Americans were experiencing marginalisation and discrimination in America and the Caribbean
He desired to inspire Americans to proactively establish their own infrastructure, local economies and institutions
UNIA was the single largest black organisation that ever existed with an estimated 6 million followers in the 1920s and 30s

Garvey was a skilled orator and his movement evolved into a religion of success. He inspired millions of black people across the globe to seek shelter from racial dispossession and colonial domination.

The UNIA has hundreds of divisions worldwide by 1920
There was almost a thousand divisions across North and Central America, the Caribbean, Africa and Britain
However, opposition to the movement developed into the late 1920s
Garvey was arrested for fiscal irregularities, and eventually deported to Jamaica in 1927

Garveyism probably had its biggest impact within Africa. Garvey had seen that Africa had fallen from its previous historical greatness and it needed to be restored. Africans needed to assume their rightful place in the world once again.This redemption was only possible through black people acting themselves.

Garvey never went to Africa
However, his ideas of black self-sufficiency and freedom implanted themselves in the heads of African nationalist leaders
The UNIA program of African redemption was communicated through the prophecy contained within the Psalms “Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God” (68:31)

Garvey built his movement on four main themes:

Africa for Africans at home and abroad
Self-reliance
Unity
Retaining black pride in the presence of whites

The South African author, Bernard Magubane, highlighted the central role of this black nationalism: “The central theoretical assumption of Black Nationalism is that before the Negro can truly be free, he must first effect a psychic separation from the idea of whiteness; that is, he must stop believing that he cannot believe in himself”

Black Pride:

The repercussions of Garvey’s work and ideas are evident in the black pride movement of the 1960s and 70s

This was a movement that encouraged black people to celebrate black culture and embrace their African heritage
This was a response to the dominant white culture and ideological environment that resulted in racist policies of government

Key Nationalist Thinkers