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CHAPTER 1 NEW

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Quiz on CHAPTER 1 NEW, created by J P on 31/01/2018.
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Question 1

Question
Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people
Answer
  • motivate, persuade, and hurt one another.
  • think about, influence, and relate to one another.
  • manipulate, use, and betray one another.
  • conform, help, and form attitudes about one another.

Question 2

Question
The attributions a person makes for his or her spouse's acid remark depends upon the happiness of the marriage. What concept does this portray?
Answer
  • Social behavior is a function of what we believe.
  • Social behavior is a function of the objective situation.
  • Social behavior is a function of how a situation is construed.
  • Social behavior is a function of both the objective situation and how it is construed.

Question 3

Question
Imagine you are approached by a large dog. You assume the dog is unfriendly, so you start screaming at it to go away. The dog assumes you want to hurt it, so it defends itself by biting your ankle. This is an example of a
Answer
  • self-fulfilling belief.
  • self-defacing belief.
  • self-defense belief.
  • self-worth belief.

Question 4

Question
Which of the following topics is NOT an example of what social psychologists study?
Answer
  • love
  • conformity
  • intelligence
  • attitudes

Question 5

Question
According to the text, social psychology is a(n) _____ science, and one that only began to emerge as a vibrant field after _____.
Answer
  • young; the 1960s
  • young; World War II
  • old; the 1930s
  • old; the turn of the century

Question 6

Question
The best statement about objective reality is
Answer
  • that it exists.
  • that it does not exist.
  • we can all agree on an objective reality.
  • that reality is filtered by our values and beliefs.

Question 7

Question
According to Myers' discussion of intuition, which statement is TRUE?
Answer
  • Our intuitions about ourselves are usually true.
  • Intuitions are carefully considered beliefs.
  • Intuition is both powerful and perilous.
  • Intuition is not important.

Question 8

Question
Which of the following is an example of how our attitudes and behaviors are shaped by external social forces?
Answer
  • Our personality disposition affects our choices.
  • Our inherited human nature predisposes us to react in certain ways.
  • Our political attitudes influence our voting behavior.
  • Our standards regarding promptness, beauty, and equality vary with our culture.

Question 9

Question
Myers suggests that he can make a confident guess about your attitude toward the 2003 U.S. war with Iraq if he knows your educational level and what media you watch and read. This is an example of
Answer
  • how intellectual pursuits alter our political views.
  • the power of the situation.
  • the power of intuition.
  • a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 10

Question
When explaining topics such as dating and mating, evolutionary psychologists consider how natural selection might
Answer
  • predispose our attitudes.
  • change our attitudes.
  • account for similarities in our attitudes.
  • reinforce our attitudes.

Question 11

Question
Those who consider under-the-skin (i.e., biological) and between the skins (i.e., social) influences on topics such as love and hate are referred to as
Answer
  • social biologists.
  • social neuroscientists.
  • social sociologists.
  • social anthropologists.

Question 12

Question
Myers points out that our social behavior is shaped by
Answer
  • our intelligence and learning.
  • our personal preferences.
  • how we were nurtured by our parents.
  • other people, our attitudes and personality, and our biology.

Question 13

Question
What is NOT true about how values affect social psychology?
Answer
  • Values influence the topics that are researched.
  • The values that people hold influence them entering the field of study.
  • Social psychology research shows us what to value.
  • Social psychologists are very interested in studying values.

Question 14

Question
Social representations are
Answer
  • value commitments within a culture.
  • intuitive ideas that prove to be true.
  • socially shared beliefs, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies.
  • stereotypes that are rooted in racism rather than in reality.

Question 15

Question
According to the text, values enter the work of social psychology when researchers
Answer
  • collect data for their studies.
  • present the results of their studies.
  • summarize their studies.
  • choose the topics of their studies.

Question 16

Question
Hastorf and Cantril (1954) found that Princeton students identified twice as many Dartmouth violations as Dartmouth students did when each watched the game. This emphasizes
Answer
  • humans' tendency to prejudge reality based on expectations.
  • humans' inability to be objective when watching sports.
  • football players' brutality.
  • that humans are objective when watching sports.

Question 17

Question
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is referred to as
Answer
  • nationality.
  • race.
  • social representations.
  • culture.

Question 18

Question
Socially shared beliefs are widely held ideas and values, which include our assumptions and cultural ideologies. This is a definition of
Answer
  • nationality.
  • race.
  • social representations.
  • culture.

Question 19

Question
Myers discusses how Maslow's description of "self-actualized" people was based on a sample he personally selected. Had he selected other people to describe, his ensuing list of self-actualization characterizations may have been different. This is an example of how values can influence
Answer
  • data.
  • results.
  • concepts.
  • methodology.

Question 20

Question
You ask your academic advisor what to major in, as you can't seem to decide. She suggests psychology; however, it is important to remember that this answer likely reflects her
Answer
  • training.
  • education.
  • belief that you would make a good psychologist.
  • values.

Question 21

Question
Whether we label a woman as "ambitious" or "aggressive" is a reflection of our
Answer
  • gender.
  • values.
  • culture.
  • age.

Question 22

Question
Your decision to call someone a "terrorist" rather than a "freedom fighter" depends on your view of the cause. This is an example of how values can influence not only social psychology, but also
Answer
  • emotions.
  • actions.
  • intuitions.
  • everyday language.

Question 23

Question
Another name for the "I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon" is the
Answer
  • retrospective bias.
  • information bias.
  • prediction bias.
  • hindsight bias.

Question 24

Question
When asked who you think will win the next presidential election, you reply that you do not know. However, after the election results are reported, you claim that it was obvious all along. This is an example of the
Answer
  • retrospective bias.
  • information bias.
  • prediction bias.
  • hindsight bias.

Question 25

Question
The difficult 2008 world financial crisis due to lack of regulations and safeguards seems obvious now. This is an example of
Answer
  • information bias.
  • hindsight bias.
  • prediction bias.
  • retrospective bias.

Question 26

Question
Theories help social psychologists _____ their observations and _____ their hypotheses.
Answer
  • test; organize
  • organize; test
  • objectify; refute
  • refute; objectify

Question 27

Question
A theory
Answer
  • is an agreed-upon statement.
  • summarizes and explains facts.
  • cannot be tested.
  • is less than fact.

Question 28

Question
A _____ is an integrated set of principles that can explain and predict observed events.
Answer
  • theory
  • hypothesis
  • fact
  • correlation

Question 29

Question
The difference between facts and theories is that
Answer
  • facts explain theories.
  • theories explain facts.
  • facts are ideas.
  • theories are statements.

Question 30

Question
A testable proposition that describes a relationship which may exist between events is a
Answer
  • statement.
  • bias.
  • correlation.
  • hypothesis.

Question 31

Question
Which one of the following is one of the purposes of a hypothesis according to the text?
Answer
  • Hypotheses allow us to test a theory.
  • Hypotheses provide explanations for research results.
  • Hypotheses prove theories.
  • Hypotheses communicate the results of research studies.

Question 32

Question
The analogy used in the text to describe what happens when old theories are discarded employs a discussion of how
Answer
  • old cars are kept as antiques.
  • old cars are replaced by newer and better models.
  • new cars are often not built as well as older models.
  • new cars are frequently more fuel efficient than older models.

Question 33

Question
Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory is referred to as
Answer
  • correlational research.
  • experimental research.
  • laboratory research.
  • field research.

Question 34

Question
Asking students to come to a laboratory at 3 p.m. in order to participate in a study on university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research?
Answer
  • correlational research
  • experimental research
  • laboratory research
  • field research

Question 35

Question
Standing in the campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observations of university students' usage of cellular phones is an example of what type of research?
Answer
  • correlational research
  • experimental research
  • laboratory research
  • field research

Question 36

Question
The study of naturally occurring relationships among variables is referred to as
Answer
  • correlational research.
  • experimental research.
  • laboratory research.
  • field research.

Question 37

Question
In order to determine whether or not changing one variable (such as education) will produce changes in another (such as income), one needs to conduct _______ research.
Answer
  • survey
  • correlational
  • experimental
  • statistical

Question 38

Question
Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others describes what type of research?
Answer
  • correlational research
  • experimental research
  • laboratory research
  • field research

Question 39

Question
A psychiatrist tells you that she is interested in determining if the condition of individuals who are clinically depressed improves with either 20 or 40 milligrams of Prozac. She decides to administer 20 milligrams to a random half of her clients, and 40 milligrams to the other half. She finds that after six months, the clients who took 40 milligrams of Prozac are significantly less depressed than those clients who took 20 milligrams of Prozac. Which type of study did the psychiatrist conduct?
Answer
  • correlational research
  • experimental research
  • controlled research
  • hypothetical research

Question 40

Question
You've noticed that as the temperature drops outside, you see more students wearing sweaters and heavy coats. Your observation is most similar to
Answer
  • correlational research.
  • experimental research.
  • controlled research.
  • hypothetical research.

Question 41

Question
Variable X is correlated with Variable Y. Which of the following could explain this correlation?
Answer
  • X causes Y.
  • Y causes X.
  • A third variable causes or influences both X and Y.
  • All of these are possible explanations.

Question 42

Question
You are interested in finding out the effect that crowding has on people's moods. You conduct a study in a psychology research lab using two types of participants - participants who have to wait in a crowded waiting room before completing a measure of their mood, and participants who wait in an empty room before completing the same measure. Which type of research did you conduct?
Answer
  • correlational research
  • experimental research
  • laboratory research
  • both experimental and laboratory research

Question 43

Question
Your psychology professor tells you that she is collecting data on the amount that students study and their grades (i.e., she is asking each student to report how many hours he/she studies each week, so that she can determine if there is a relationship between hours spent studying and grades). Which type of research is this?
Answer
  • correlational research
  • experimental research
  • controlled research
  • hypothetical research

Question 44

Question
Which of the following is a disadvantage of correlational research?
Answer
  • It involves important variables in natural settings.
  • It provides ambiguous interpretations of causes and effects.
  • It assists in reading newspapers and magazines.
  • It takes place in a laboratory.

Question 45

Question
The study by Carroll, Smith, and Bennett (1994) that is described in the text examined the link between socioeconomic status and health using grave markers. Which type of research was this?
Answer
  • correlational research
  • experimental research
  • controlled research
  • hypothetical research

Question 46

Question
Carroll, Smith, and Bennett (1994) found that the height of graveyard markers in a Glasgow cemetery was positively correlated with
Answer
  • gender.
  • race.
  • affluence.
  • longevity.

Question 47

Question
According to the text, the postal code areas of Scotland that have the least overcrowding and the least amount of unemployment also have the
Answer
  • greatest longevity.
  • least longevity.
  • greatest loneliness.
  • least loneliness.

Question 48

Question
According to the text, studies have shown that in Britain, occupational status is _____ correlated with longevity.
Answer
  • positively
  • negatively
  • inversely
  • not

Question 49

Question
A serious shortcoming of a correlational study is that it cannot
Answer
  • predict one variable from another.
  • determine when there is a lack of a relationship between two variables.
  • identify which variable causes the other variable.
  • show relationships between naturally occurring factors.

Question 50

Question
Myers' discussion of the relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement concludes that
Answer
  • self-esteem causes academic achievement.
  • academic achievement causes self-esteem.
  • both self-esteem and academic achievement are likely caused by a third variable.
  • None of the above

Question 51

Question
Correlational research allows us to
Answer
  • infer cause and effect.
  • make predictions.
  • uncover independent variables.
  • control variables.

Question 52

Question
Time-lagged correlations, according to the text, are an advanced correlational technique that can reveal the _______ variables or events, such as achievement and self-esteem.
Answer
  • relationship between
  • differences between
  • sequence of
  • confounding

Question 53

Question
Myers argues that the major strength of correlational research is the
Answer
  • cause-effect sequencing of events.
  • ambiguity of the results.
  • ability to extract the influence of confounded variables.
  • fact that it occurs in real-world settings.

Question 54

Question
A sample in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is called a _____ sample.
Answer
  • mixed
  • diverse
  • fair
  • random

Question 55

Question
To get information from a survey that you can generalize to the whole country, you will need to get information from _____ people.
Answer
  • 150
  • 1,200
  • 5,000
  • 10,000

Question 56

Question
The major purpose of random assignment in an experiment is to
Answer
  • maximize the differences between groups.
  • minimize the differences between groups.
  • control the independent variable.
  • control the dependent variable.

Question 57

Question
An important factor in survey research is how closely the sample reflects the population under study. This is referred to as sample
Answer
  • fairness.
  • strategy.
  • size.
  • representativeness.

Question 58

Question
Suppose you ask all the students who are failing a class if they believe the course is too difficult, and you find that they indeed think it is. Although you have conducted a basic survey, the results of it are limited because of your sample
Answer
  • fairness.
  • strategy.
  • size.
  • representativeness.

Question 59

Question
If you ask conservative, liberal, independent, and green party voters their opinions of political candidates, rather than just conservative voters, you are attempting to ensure that your sample is
Answer
  • fair.
  • large enough.
  • representative.
  • random.

Question 60

Question
Ann Landers' 1984 survey of women readers' opinions about romantic affection and sex was probably
Answer
  • not valid because it did not include men.
  • flawed because it was not representative of the population.
  • worthless because the sample size was too small.
  • as valid and informative as other more "scientific" surveys.

Question 61

Question
In 1936, the news magazine Literary Digest obtained the opinions of over two million Americans regarding the presidential election. The results suggested that Landon would win in a landslide over Franklin D. Roosevelt. A few weeks later, FDR won in a landslide. The results of the survey were not valid, and this was due to
Answer
  • a lack of random assignment.
  • a sampling bias.
  • poor wording of questions variables.
  • a lack of experimental control.

Question 62

Question
There is an example discussed in the text about how the meat lobby rejected a new U.S. food labeling law that required declaring meat as "30 percent fat" rather than "70 percent lean, 30 percent fat." This is an example of how ____ may influence human decisions and expressed opinions.
Answer
  • framing of questions
  • order of questions
  • wording of questions
  • response options

Question 63

Question
Research on the wording of survey questions suggests that
Answer
  • how questions are framed can influence how they are answered.
  • how questions are framed has very little influence on how they are answered.
  • wording is an unimportant element of survey research.
  • framing the questions differently will not influence the results.

Question 64

Question
Research indicates that survey results often depend on the
Answer
  • number of questions asked.
  • gender of the surveyor.
  • gender of the respondent.
  • wording and order of the questions.

Question 65

Question
If you wanted more people to donate organs upon their death, you would
Answer
  • put nothing on their drivers' license about organ donation.
  • give a default option of ‘yes' and a space to check to "opt out."
  • give a default option of ‘no' and a space to check to donate.
  • give them a ‘yes' or ‘no' choice to check.

Question 66

Question
The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates in a study is called the ______ variable.
Answer
  • control
  • independent
  • dependent
  • correlational

Question 67

Question
The author of the text reported that two-thirds of social psychology experiments
Answer
  • are done in the field.
  • take place in a laboratory.
  • involve surveys.
  • are correlational.

Question 68

Question
A study of _____ women, by Gortmaker and colleagues (1993), found that these women were less likely to be married and less likely to earn high salaries than women in a comparison group.
Answer
  • racial minority
  • sexual minority
  • obese
  • disabled

Question 69

Question
The finding that obese women earned lower salaries than women in a nonobese comparison group was the result of which type of research study?
Answer
  • experiment
  • correlation
  • laboratory
  • field

Question 70

Question
As a result of random assignment, the people in both groups of an experiment A. differ in important ways.
Answer
  • differ in important ways.
  • do not know which group they are in.
  • are less likely to be alike.
  • are more likely to be about the same in every way.

Question 71

Question
In Snyder and Haugen's research on obesity and social status (1994; 1995), male students were shown a picture of a normal or obese woman before having a conversation with a female student. In this study, the independent variable was the
Answer
  • normal or overweight woman's picture.
  • social skills of the woman being interviewed.
  • conversation topic chosen by the students.
  • status of the male student.

Question 72

Question
In Snyder and Haugen's research on obesity and social status (1994; 1995), male students were shown a picture of a normal or obese woman before having a conversation with a female student. In this study, the dependent variable was the
Answer
  • woman's side of the conversation.
  • man's response to the woman.
  • man's response to the picture.
  • woman's weight status.

Question 73

Question
In Boyatzis' (1995) study of the influence television has on aggressive behavior in children, the results indicated that the viewers of Power Rangers committed ____ aggressive acts per two-minute interval compared to those children who did not watch this program.
Answer
  • slightly less
  • significantly more
  • about the same number of
  • significantly less

Question 74

Question
The results of Boyatzis' (1995) research indicated that _____ can be one cause of children's aggressive behavior.
Answer
  • sugar consumption
  • poor impulse control
  • a lack of parental guidance
  • television viewing

Question 75

Question
Which of the following was the dependent variable in Boyatzis' (1995) research study on the effects of television viewing on children?
Answer
  • lying to parents
  • aggressive behavior
  • poor academic performance
  • early sexual promiscuity

Question 76

Question
Which of the following was the independent variable in Boyatzis' (1995) research study on the effects of television viewing on children?
Answer
  • aggressive behavior
  • poor academic performance
  • television viewing
  • early sexual promiscuity

Question 77

Question
The variable being measured in an experiment, so-called because it may depend on manipulations of another variable, is called the ______ variable.
Answer
  • experimental
  • control
  • independent
  • dependent

Question 78

Question
An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. Aggression was the
Answer
  • independent variable.
  • dependent variable.
  • control variable.
  • confounding variable.

Question 79

Question
An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. The room temperatures were the
Answer
  • independent variable.
  • dependent variable.
  • control variable.
  • confounding variable.

Question 80

Question
Two essential ingredients in a social-psychological experiment are
Answer
  • deception and payment for participation.
  • the use of surveys and the use of deception.
  • framing and biases.
  • control and random assignment.

Question 81

Question
The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition is referred to as
Answer
  • random sampling.
  • random assignment.
  • random surveying.
  • representativeness.

Question 82

Question
Putting participants in one of two conditions by flipping a coin illustrates
Answer
  • random sampling.
  • sampling bias.
  • random assignment.
  • representative sampling.

Question 83

Question
Random sampling helps researchers _______, while random assignment helps researchers _______.
Answer
  • who are conducting correlations; who are conducting surveys
  • infer cause and effect; generalize to a population
  • generalize to a population; infer cause and effect
  • determine cause and effect; develop correlations

Question 84

Question
_____ helps researchers generalize to a population.
Answer
  • Random sampling
  • Random assignment
  • Random surveyingz
  • Informed consent

Question 85

Question
You conduct a study that examines the role of exercise on depression alleviation. You assign the first 50 people who are motivated to sign up to the experimental group, and the second group of 50 people, who sign up much later, to the control group. After one month, you find that the experimental group (who exercised three times a week on average) is significantly less depressed than the control group (who exercised one time a week on average). Although you may be tempted to conclude that exercise helps stave off depression, you cannot because of a lack of ____ in your study.
Answer
  • random sampling
  • random assignment
  • random surveying
  • objectivity

Question 86

Question
The degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations refers to
Answer
  • realistic experimentation.
  • televised reality.
  • mundane realism.
  • experimental realism.

Question 87

Question
The degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants in real psychological processes refers to
Answer
  • realistic experimentation.
  • televised reality.
  • mundane realism.
  • experimental realism.

Question 88

Question
According to the text, _______ realism is not as important in social psychological research as _______ realism is.
Answer
  • mundane; experimental
  • social; psychological
  • experimental; mundane
  • psychological; social

Question 89

Question
The use of deception in social-psychological research occurs when the researchers require _____ in their study.
Answer
  • realistic experimentation
  • televised reality
  • mundane realism
  • experimental realism

Question 90

Question
You are participating in a social-psychological research experiment, and the researcher reads the instructions to you and the other participants so that each of you hears exactly the same instructions. By standardizing the instructions, the researcher is attempting to control the
Answer
  • dependent variable.
  • experimental outcome.
  • demand characteristics.
  • framing effect.

Question 91

Question
_____ occurs in research when participants are misinformed or misled about the method and purposes of the study.
Answer
  • Nonrandom sampling
  • Nonrandom assignment
  • Deception
  • Demand characteristics

Question 92

Question
The cues in an experiment that tell the participants what behavior is expected are called
Answer
  • subliminal messages.
  • demand characteristics.
  • deception tactics.
  • confounding variables.

Question 93

Question
When participating in a psychology research experiment, you are told that the purpose of the study is to find out if tall people are more prejudiced than short people. Because you want to behave accordingly, you agree with questions on a survey of prejudice more so than you would otherwise. Your behavior in this study is a result of
Answer
  • your true attitudes.
  • your repressed attitudes.
  • the demand characteristics of the experiment.
  • the sampling method of the experiment.

Question 94

Question
You are participating in a psychology research experiment and the researcher invites you to return after the experiment to learn more about it and to explore your feelings about it. This is called
Answer
  • informed consent.
  • debriefing.
  • demand characterization.
  • experiment framing.

Question 95

Question
_____ is an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
Answer
  • A demand characteristic
  • Deception
  • Mundane realism
  • Informed consent

Question 96

Question
A major requirement of the ethical principles of social-psychological research is that the researcher
Answer
  • use random sampling and assignment.
  • protect participants from harm and significant discomfort.
  • refrain from using any deception in the research design.
  • ensure that all participants know what is expected of them.

Question 97

Question
Deception in an experiment is
Answer
  • unethical.
  • always required.
  • used only if it is essential and justified.
  • useful in affecting subjects' willingness to participate.

Question 98

Question
Regarding social-psychological research, Myers warns that we must be cautious about
Answer
  • the use of random assignment.
  • inferring cause and effect from experiments.
  • the types of subjects used.
  • generalizing from the laboratory to life.

Question 99

Question
You have just participated in a research study that required you to choose which picture you preferred among several pairs. At the end of the study, the researcher explained that she was trying to identify correlations between age, gender, and racial groups when making preferences. The researcher's disclosing of the true purpose of the study is part of the ____ process.
Answer
  • debriefing
  • deception
  • informed consent
  • experimental honesty

Question 100

Question
Experimental laboratory research findings in social psychology
Answer
  • can be generalized to everyday life.
  • are specific to the research only.
  • can't ever be generalized to everyday life.
  • should cautiously be generalized to everyday life.
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