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CHAPTER 14 NEW

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Quiz on CHAPTER 14 NEW, created by J P on 31/01/2018.
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Question 1

Question
The study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological difficulties is known as
Answer
  • developmental psychology.
  • comparative psychology.
  • social psychology.
  • clinical psychology.

Question 2

Question
Chapman and Chapman had college students and professional clinicians study the relationship between patients' test performances and diagnoses. They found that
Answer
  • if students or clinicians expected a particular association, they perceived it, regardless of whether the data was supportive.
  • students and clinicians only saw relationships that were supported by the data.
  • professional clinicians were more accurate than students in assessing relationships.
  • students and clinicians only recognized positive relationships if the actual correlations were greater than 0.75.

Question 3

Question
Myers suggests that clinicians may continue to have confidence in uninformative or ambiguous tests because of human susceptibility to
Answer
  • the inoculation effect.
  • learned helplessness.
  • the representativeness heuristic.
  • illusory correlations.

Question 4

Question
Following the suicide of a friend or family member, feelings of guilt are often magnified by
Answer
  • illusory thinking.
  • the fundamental attribution error.
  • hindsight bias.
  • confirmation bias.

Question 5

Question
When psychologists were surveyed regarding intuition versus the scientific method, _______ were more likely to value intuition.
Answer
  • clinical psychologists
  • developmental psychologists
  • social psychologists
  • educational psychologists

Question 6

Question
Rosenhan and his colleagues (1973) faked schizophrenic symptoms to infiltrate mental hospitals. Once they had been admitted and no longer complained of any fake symptoms,
Answer
  • professional clinicians quickly distinguished them from the real patients and released them from the hospital.
  • the clinicians sought and found evidence in their histories and behavior to confirm their admitting diagnoses.
  • the pseudo-patients were ostracized by the hospital's real patients.
  • the pseudo-patients absorbed their "sick" roles and developed additional symptoms in the course of their treatment.

Question 7

Question
In Rosenhan's study (1973), clinicians who dealt with pseudo-patients who had faked symptoms to get into mental hospitals demonstrated the error of
Answer
  • self-serving bias.
  • hindsight bias.
  • self-handicapping.
  • overjustification.

Question 8

Question
Luisa, a Freudian analyst, found that, without exception, her patients reported having dreams closely related to their emotional problems. What may best explain why the dreams and problems of Luisa's patients are so consistent with Freudian theory?
Answer
  • Freud's theory is the oldest and most comprehensive of all the theories of personality.
  • Freud's theory is more ambiguous than any other theory, and thus any problem fits into its framework.
  • The patients are perhaps induced by Luisa to give information that is consistent with her theoretical orientation.
  • Freudian psychotherapists are "true believers," and Luisa's report is an attempt to convert other therapists to her orientation.

Question 9

Question
Snyder and Swann (1984) gave interviewers some hypotheses to test concerning individuals' traits, and found that people often tested for a trait by
Answer
  • asking those being tested for a general self-evaluation.
  • looking for information that would contradict it.
  • looking for information that would confirm it.
  • asking very specific questions to disprove it.

Question 10

Question
April is going out on a first date with Nikos, whom her best friend says is funny and fun-loving. On the date, April asks Nikos, "What is the most fun-loving thing you've ever done?" What is the likely effect of such questioning on Nikos?
Answer
  • He will act more fun-loving on the date than if not asked such questions.
  • He will act more reserved and shy than if not asked such questions.
  • He will resent such questions and become annoyed.
  • He will try to explain that there are times when he is not fun-loving.

Question 11

Question
Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait, they tend to ask questions that show evidence of
Answer
  • the confirmation bias.
  • the illusion of control.
  • negative attributional styles.
  • illusory correlations.

Question 12

Question
When Rosenham and his research associates (1973) reported to mental hospital admissions offices that they were "hearing voices," most were
Answer
  • diagnosed with schizophrenia and hospitalized for two to three weeks.
  • not diagnosed with a mental illness, since they were in fact normal.
  • diagnosed with schizophrenia initially but never hospitalized.
  • diagnosed with schizophrenia initially, hospitalized, but then released after testing revealed that they were normal.

Question 13

Question
Freudian therapists who expect to find evidence of early childhood traumas are likely to uncover such experiences among
Answer
  • clients who are males.
  • clients who are real victims of childhood sex abuse.
  • clients who are healthy, successful adults.
  • all clients.

Question 14

Question
When researchers pit statistical prediction—such as predicting graduate school success using a formula that includes grades and aptitude scores—against interviewers' intuitive prediction,
Answer
  • statistical prediction is usually superior to expert intuition.
  • expert intuition is usually superior to statistical intuition.
  • statistical prediction and expert intuition do equally well.
  • both methods usually fare no better than chance.

Question 15

Question
Myers suggests that we avoid the confirmation bias by
Answer
  • looking for illusory correlations.
  • carefully monitoring the information that is consistent with our ideas.
  • considering opposing ideas and then testing them.
  • discarding opposing ideas that have not been tested.

Question 16

Question
Myers points out that hindsight can
Answer
  • lead you to feel overconfident.
  • lead you to judge yourself too harshly for not having foreseen outcomes.
  • lead to both overconfidence and the tendency to judge yourself too harshly.
  • be very helpful in developing hypotheses about personality traits.

Question 17

Question
Research suggests that the prediction of someone's future academic success is best when the prediction is based on
Answer
  • statistics.
  • the judgments of trained admissions officers.
  • statistics plus the judgments of trained admissions officers.
  • letters of recommendation.

Question 18

Question
According to the text, professional clinicians are NOT LIKELY to
Answer
  • be the victims of illusory correlation.
  • suffer from confirmation bias.
  • consider opposing ideas and test them.
  • overestimate their clinical intuition.

Question 19

Question
According to the text, an important implication of the research on illusory thinking is that
Answer
  • intuition has no legitimate place in the field of science.
  • the scientific method is the only legitimate way to answer significant human questions.
  • research psychologists must test their preconceptions before presenting them as truth.
  • conventional wisdom is almost always wrong.

Question 20

Question
Myers suggests that the pervasiveness of illusory thinking points to the need for a _______ study of thought and behavior.
Answer
  • psychohistorical
  • literary
  • scientific
  • humanistic

Question 21

Question
Alloy and Abramson (1979) had depressed and nondepressed students observe whether pressing a button was linked with a light blinking and found that depressed students
Answer
  • were too self-focused to complete the task.
  • were quite accurate at assessing their control.
  • exaggerated the extent of their control of the light.
  • underestimated the extent of their control of the light.

Question 22

Question
The work of Alloy and Abramson (1979) examined how depressed individuals view the extent of their personal control over events. Their results provided evidence of the phenomenon known as
Answer
  • optimistic well-being.
  • pessimistic exaggeration.
  • depressive realism.
  • learned helplessness.

Question 23

Question
The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments is referred to as
Answer
  • the accurate explanatory style.
  • the Barnum effect.
  • realistic pessimism.
  • depressive realism.

Question 24

Question
Yvonne, a college senior, is mildly depressed. Asked to describe herself, she notes both her positive and negative qualities. She recalls both past successes and failures and takes personal responsibility for both. Yvonne clearly illustrates the _______ effect.
Answer
  • rose-colored-glasses
  • sadder-but-wiser
  • head-in-the-clouds
  • feet-on-the-ground

Question 25

Question
Vanessa is a mildly depressed college student. Considering the research findings presented in the text on depression, she probably
Answer
  • suffers from the better-than-average phenomenon.
  • assumes that her behavior is well-accepted by others.
  • demonstrates the sadder-but-wiser effect.
  • is below average in intelligence.

Question 26

Question
Compared to depressed people, non-depressed people
Answer
  • exaggerate their control of events around them.
  • have realistic perceptions of the good and bad things that the future holds.
  • readily accept responsibility for both successes and failures.
  • describe themselves with a fairly even mix of positive and negative qualities.

Question 27

Question
"Explanatory style" refers to
Answer
  • the complexity of one's persuasive arguments.
  • one's habitual way of explaining life events.
  • the pitch and speed with which one communicates.
  • whether one relies primarily on reason or emotion when debating an issue.

Question 28

Question
Explaining life events in terms of factors that are stable, global, and internal is a _______ explanatory style.
Answer
  • negative
  • positive
  • realistic
  • repressive

Question 29

Question
Who is more likely to exhibit a negative explanatory style?
Answer
  • a teenager
  • a non-depressed person
  • an elderly person
  • a depressed person

Question 30

Question
Maxwell, a college junior, suffers from chronic depression. After learning that he has performed poorly on his chemistry test, he is most likely to say,
Answer
  • "The test was not a fair assessment of what I actually know."
  • "My chemistry professor does not grade his tests fairly."
  • "I'm incompetent and probably always will be."
  • "I am sure most people did poorly on the test."

Question 31

Question
Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or a setback illustrates the global quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?
Answer
  • "It's my fault."
  • "It's going to last forever."
  • "It's going to affect everything I do."
  • "It's the same with everybody."

Question 32

Question
Which of the following best illustrates an internal attribution for a failure or setback?
Answer
  • "I'll never succeed."
  • "This ruins everything."
  • "It's my fault."
  • "The whole world is against me."

Question 33

Question
Which of the following does NOT belong?
Answer
  • negative explanatory style
  • external attribution
  • global attribution
  • stable attribution

Question 34

Question
Which of the following attributions regarding a failure or setback illustrates the stable quality of a depressed person's explanatory style?
Answer
  • "It's all my fault."
  • "It's going to last forever."
  • "The whole world is against me."
  • "It's going to affect everything I do."

Question 35

Question
Compared to nondepressed people, depressed people are more likely to attribute their failures and setbacks to causes that are
Answer
  • unstable.
  • specific.
  • internal.
  • situational.

Question 36

Question
Strack and Coyne (1983) found that depressed people were realistic in thinking that other people
Answer
  • possessed more accurate self-concepts than they did.
  • did not appreciate their behavior.
  • would welcome their friendship and trust.
  • were less influenced by fear of social disapproval than they were.

Question 37

Question
College students who have depressed roommates tend to become
Answer
  • somewhat depressed themselves.
  • more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders.
  • more optimistic about their own lives.
  • more studious and committed to achieving academic success.

Question 38

Question
Your roommate Joel is depressed. As a result, you will tend to become
Answer
  • somewhat depressed yourself.
  • more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders.
  • more optimistic about your own life.
  • more studious and committed to achieving academic success.

Question 39

Question
Giesler and her colleagues (1996) found that when given a choice whether to read a favorable or unfavorable assessment of their personality, depressed and high-self-esteem people made which choice?
Answer
  • High-self-esteem individuals were more likely to choose the unfavorable assessment.
  • Depressed individuals were more likely to choose the unfavorable assessment.
  • Depressed individuals were more likely to choose the favorable assessment.
  • Both groups were about 50/50 in choosing the favorable or unfavorable assessment.

Question 40

Question
The vicious cycle of depression is usually triggered by negative experiences that lead directly to
Answer
  • self-focused rumination and self-blame.
  • depressed moods.
  • further negative experiences.
  • blaming others for the negative experiences.

Question 41

Question
According to Lewinsohn and her colleagues (1985), which of the following does NOT belong in the vicious cycle of depression?
Answer
  • self-focus
  • self-blame
  • depressed mood
  • defensive pessimism

Question 42

Question
Which of the following explains the relationship between depression and negative thinking?
Answer
  • depressed moods cause negative thinking
  • negative thinking causes depressed moods
  • depression and negative thinking are unrelated in laboratory experiments
  • depressed moods can cause negative thinking and negative thinking can cause depressed moods.

Question 43

Question
According to Seligman (2002), near-epidemic levels of depression in America today, ironically, can be blamed in part on the promotion of attitudes that say,
Answer
  • "Everybody needs somebody sometime."
  • "You can make it on your own."
  • "You're nobody if nobody loves you."
  • "Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die."

Question 44

Question
According to Seligman's (2002) analysis of the attitudes that promote near-epidemic levels of depression in America, most of us feel that, if we do not "make it" in today's world, we can blame
Answer
  • our parents.
  • the government.
  • the alienation of the modern world.
  • only ourselves.

Question 45

Question
In comparison to those in Western cultures, depressed people in Japan are more likely to report feeling
Answer
  • guilt and self-blame over personal failure.
  • shame over letting down their family or co-workers.
  • sad about social problems such as poverty and discrimination.
  • hopeless and helpless.

Question 46

Question
Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you
Answer
  • are alone most of the time.
  • have lost a significant relationship.
  • have less numerous or meaningful social relationships than you desire.
  • are not really respected even though you have many acquaintances.

Question 47

Question
Larsen and her colleagues (1982) found that when beeped by an electronic pager at various times during a one week period and asked to record what they were doing and how they felt, _______ were most likely to report feeling lonely when alone.
Answer
  • adolescents
  • adults
  • women
  • men

Question 48

Question
Chronically lonely people seem to have the same _______ as chronically depressed people.
Answer
  • unrealistic vision of the future
  • need to achieve perfection
  • illusion of control
  • negative explanatory style

Question 49

Question
Chronically lonely people tend to blame _______ for their poor social relationships.
Answer
  • their parents and early childhood experiences
  • the uncaring attitudes of those presently around them
  • themselves
  • cultural patterns

Question 50

Question
Which of the following statements about lonely people is FALSE?
Answer
  • They perceive others in positive ways.
  • They tend to be low in self-esteem.
  • When talking with strangers, they spend more time talking about themselves and take less interest in the other person.
  • They self-disclose quickly.

Question 51

Question
According to the self-presentation theory, we will feel social anxiety when we are
Answer
  • motivated to impress others but doubt our ability to do so.
  • motivated and able to impress others, but they ignore us.
  • in any circumstance in which we can be observed.
  • depressed.

Question 52

Question
Which of the following theories most clearly predicts that we will feel anxious when we are motivated to impress others but doubt our ability to do so?
Answer
  • social learning theory
  • self-presentation theory
  • self-perception theory
  • cognitive dissonance theory

Question 53

Question
According to the text, shyness is a form of _______ characterized by self-consciousness and worrying about what others think.
Answer
  • loneliness
  • social anxiety
  • depression
  • social incompetence

Question 54

Question
Shy people tend to
Answer
  • make a good first impression.
  • depersonalize social situations.
  • become less well-liked over time.
  • be self-conscious.

Question 55

Question
According to the text, labeling oneself as shy, depressed, or under the influence of alcohol can serve a(n) _______ function.
Answer
  • anger-reducing
  • self-handicapping
  • concurrence-seeking
  • group-identification

Question 56

Question
Brodt and Zimbardo (1981) found that shy women who were bombarded with loud noise and told that it would leave them _______ were subsequently _______ when interacting with a handsome male.
Answer
  • with a pounding heart; no longer so shy
  • unaffected; no longer so shy
  • with a pounding heart; even more shy
  • unaffected; unaffected

Question 57

Question
Brodt and Zimbardo (1981) found that shy women were no longer shy when they
Answer
  • were provided an alternative explanation for their social anxiety.
  • were provided alcohol before interacting with others.
  • discovered that most people feel shy.
  • were taught to blame their failures on circumstances beyond their control.

Question 58

Question
Which of the following is an interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge about health and disease?
Answer
  • health psychology
  • behavioral medicine
  • applied psychology
  • clinical psychology

Question 59

Question
Psychology's contribution to the interdisciplinary field of behavioral medicine is
Answer
  • clinical psychology.
  • psychiatry.
  • behavioral analysis.
  • health psychology.

Question 60

Question
Dr. Jones is a psychologist who specializes in the causes and control of stress. Dr. Jones is most likely a(n) _________ psychologist.
Answer
  • consumer
  • educational
  • forensic
  • health

Question 61

Question
According to the text as well as research evidence, premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Answer
  • occurs in 6 out of 10 women.
  • leads to premenstrual dysphoric disorder in 3 out of 10 women.
  • has many characteristics of a socially constructed disorder.
  • is a myth perpetuated by men.

Question 62

Question
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Answer
  • People more often seek treatment if they believe their symptoms have a physical rather than a psychological cause.
  • Women are more often sick.
  • Women are more likely than men to visit a physician.
  • Men use fewer prescription and nonprescription drugs.

Question 63

Question
People are more likely to use sunscreen or get an HIV test when the message is
Answer
  • framed attractively in terms of the potential gain in doing so.
  • framed negatively.
  • highly arousing.
  • framed in terms of shared goals.

Question 64

Question
Experiments that subject animals to mild but uncontrollable electric shocks have shown that such experiences
Answer
  • directly cause diseases like cancer.
  • lower the body's resistance to disease.
  • strengthen the animals' capacity to deal with future stressors.
  • lead to the animals becoming more aggressive in interacting with members of their own species.

Question 65

Question
A growing body of evidence reveals that people who undergo highly stressful experiences become
Answer
  • more resistant to low-level illnesses like colds and flu.
  • more vulnerable to disease.
  • less self-disclosing and more socially isolated.
  • stronger and more socially skilled than less stressed people.

Question 66

Question
Research has reported that newlywed couples who become angry while discussing problems
Answer
  • experience catharsis and have better long-term relationships with their spouses.
  • are subsequently more susceptible to problems of depression and loneliness.
  • suffer more immune system suppression the next day.
  • are more prone to develop colon cancer in the subsequent six months.

Question 67

Question
A large Swedish study has found that, compared with unstressed workers, those with a history of workplace stress
Answer
  • are better prepared to deal with stress in their family lives.
  • tend to have a more pessimistic explanatory style.
  • are at much greater risk of developing colon cancer.
  • develop stronger immune defenses.

Question 68

Question
Maggie wants advice on how to cope with the stress of a new job. She would be best advised to approach her new job with a sense of
Answer
  • passive resignation.
  • ambition and competitiveness.
  • urgency and time-consciousness.
  • optimism.

Question 69

Question
Which of the following is NOT an example of one of the components of a pessimistic explanatory style?
Answer
  • "This is all my fault."
  • "I've learned my lesson."
  • "This is going to ruin everything."
  • "Things are going to be terrible from now on."

Question 70

Question
Peterson and Seligman (1987) analyzed the press quotes of baseball Hall of Famers and found that those who routinely offered pessimistic explanations for bad events, like losing big games, were more likely to
Answer
  • earn lower salaries.
  • experience divorce.
  • play aggressively.
  • die at younger ages.

Question 71

Question
Which of the following is an example of an optimistic explanatory style?
Answer
  • "My fate is out of my hands."
  • "Human life is fragile."
  • "I usually expect the best."
  • "I rarely count on good things happening to me."

Question 72

Question
Research investigating the nature of the connection between explanatory style and health has shown that people who routinely use the pessimistic style
Answer
  • are more likely to experience illness.
  • boost the morale of others via a contrast effect.
  • also tend to be impulsive and resistant to influence.
  • complain more but do not get sick more frequently than optimists.

Question 73

Question
According to the text, which of the following is a social-psychological principle that can be applied to the treatment of psychological difficulties?
Answer
  • attitudes-follow-behavior
  • we are cognitive misers
  • acceptance breeds compliance
  • behavior-follows-attitudes

Question 74

Question
Which of the following is NOT a therapy that utilizes the "attitudes-follow-behavior" principle?
Answer
  • assertiveness training
  • rational-emotive therapy
  • self-help groups
  • psychoanalysis

Question 75

Question
Both assertiveness training and rational-emotive therapy are cited in the text as examples of psychotherapeutic techniques that
Answer
  • utilize social support to change behavior.
  • utilize the attitudes-follow-behavior principle.
  • encourage changes in explanatory style.
  • use counter-conditioning strategies.

Question 76

Question
Mendonca and Brehm (1983) found that overweight children were more likely to lose weight and keep it off after an eight-week program if they
Answer
  • felt responsible for choosing their weight-loss program.
  • were regularly monitored and penalized for breaking rules.
  • were praised and rewarded for even minor weight loss.
  • had been assigned to their "least preferred" treatment program.

Question 77

Question
Which statement is TRUE?
Answer
  • A bad marriage is often less depressing to a woman than to a man.
  • Single women are happier than married women.
  • Marital happiness predicts overall happiness more than finances
  • Finances predict overall happiness more than marital happiness.

Question 78

Question
Having shy or anxious people observe, then rehearse, then try out more assertive behaviors in real situations is called
Answer
  • foot-in-the-door training.
  • rational-emotive therapy.
  • social skills training.
  • explanatory style therapy.

Question 79

Question
A study by Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986) enticed shy college men to participate in laboratory exercises that would enhance their socially competence. The men
Answer
  • were taught specific communication skills.
  • took a short course on positive thinking.
  • delivered self-laudatory speeches to strangers.
  • had several successful conversations with women.

Question 80

Question
Research by Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986) supported the notion that social skills training can lead shy men to
Answer
  • become dependent on their therapist.
  • reduce their social anxiety.
  • concentrate on their social incompetence.
  • become more shy 6 months after treatment.

Question 81

Question
Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986) concluded that the success of their social skills training with shy men may have occurred because their program
Answer
  • employed skilled counselors who took responsibility for inspiring the men to feel confident and competent.
  • included no counseling, so the participants made internal attributions for their success.
  • protected the men from having to participate in actual conversations until they had first been extensively trained.
  • paved the way for conversational success by providing many external reasons for initiating conversation.

Question 82

Question
Maria's therapist instructed her to monitor her attributions for successes and failures. Maria is probably participating in
Answer
  • assertiveness training.
  • explanatory style therapy.
  • stress inoculations.
  • group therapy.

Question 83

Question
Improvements achieved through changing thought or behavior patterns are most likely to endure if people
Answer
  • redesign their behavioral contexts
  • are required to report back to their therapist on a regular basis.
  • attribute such changes to factors under their own control.
  • recognize that success depends on a power beyond themselves.

Question 84

Question
As a result of participating in a program to help her quit smoking, Anne has not had a cigarette for three weeks. She is least likely to return to smoking if she attributes her success in quitting the habit to
Answer
  • her own motivation.
  • the therapist who helped her quit.
  • the support of her friends.
  • the unique nature of the therapeutic program.

Question 85

Question
John was recently attacked and mugged on a subway. He is less likely to experience long term stress from the trauma if he
Answer
  • forgets about it.
  • talks about it with a friend.
  • sees a doctor immediately.
  • blocks it from his thoughts.

Question 86

Question
According to research conducted by Cacioppo and her colleagues (2002), the relationship between loneliness and health risks is
Answer
  • positive.
  • negative.
  • neutral.
  • curvilinear.

Question 87

Question
A common conclusion reached by several studies involving thousands of people is that
Answer
  • close relationships predict health.
  • close relationships promote stress and some forms of illness.
  • family relationships are unrelated to health.
  • physical health is not linked to social support.

Question 88

Question
The negative correlation between poverty and health is likely caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT
Answer
  • reduced material possessions.
  • increased stress.
  • reduced health care.
  • unhealthy lifestyle.

Question 89

Question
Women who had been sexually abused reported more health problems especially if they had
Answer
  • not seen a therapist.
  • kept their abuse secret.
  • not confronted their abuser
  • confronted their abuser.

Question 90

Question
Which of the following is the best predictor of overall happiness?
Answer
  • a satisfying job
  • satisfaction with finances
  • satisfaction with one's community
  • satisfaction with marriage

Question 91

Question
According to the text, marriage enhances happiness for which of the following reasons?
Answer
  • It provides regular sex to both partners.
  • It provides financial security.
  • It provides multiple roles (e.g., spouse, parent) that can contribute to self-esteem.
  • It provides companionship.
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