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MULTIPLE CHOICE OF LOCOMOTION

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Principles and animal form and fucntion (Unit 1 Locomotion) Quiz on MULTIPLE CHOICE OF LOCOMOTION, created by Jack Fawsitt on 26/11/2016.
Jack Fawsitt
Quiz by Jack Fawsitt, updated more than 1 year ago
Jack Fawsitt
Created by Jack Fawsitt over 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Motion of condylar joint and example
Answer
  • uniaxial and femorotibial joint
  • uniaxial and elbow joint
  • biaxial and elbow joint
  • multiaxial and shoulder/hip joint
  • multiaxial and stifle joint

Question 2

Question
Label 1-7
Image:
bb73a89c-567c-4e14-bda6-39c8d5b845c2 (image/png)
Answer
  • 1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. synovial membrane 5. articular cartilage 6. meniscus 7. joint cavity
  • 1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. meniscus 4. synovial membrane 5. articular cartilage 6. fibrous layer 7. joint cavity
  • 1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. joint cavity 5. articular cartilage 6. meniscus 7. Synovial membrane
  • 1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. synovial membrane 5. meniscus 6. articular cartilage 7. joint cavity
  • 1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. plasma membrane 5. articular cartilage 6. meniscus 7. joint cavity

Question 3

Question
The mature neutrophil in mammalian blood smear can be distinguished from other cells by the presence of at least one very distinctive feature unique to this cell type. Which one of the following features best fits that description?
Answer
  • Its relatively small cell size
  • The presence of most lobulated nucleus
  • The presence of granules in its cytoplasm.
  • The absence of granules in its cytoplasm.
  • The eccentric location of the nucleus within the cell.

Question 4

Question
The mature erythrocyte in a mammalian blood smear can be easily distinguished from all other cells by the presence of one of the most distinctive features unique to this cell type. Which one of the following features best fits this description?
Answer
  • The absence of a nucleus.
  • The presence of a lobulated nucleus
  • Basophilic staining
  • The presence of granules.
  • By very small numbers of this cell type in the blood smear

Question 5

Question
Which one of the following five histological features best characterizes the loose connective tissue?
Answer
  • Lack of much ground substance
  • Abundance of collagen fibres
  • Abundance of ground substance
  • Abundance of elastic fibres
  • Abundance of reticular fibres

Question 6

Question
Which one of the following five features best characterizes the stratified squamous epithelium?
Answer
  • Cells in all layers are squamous in shape and size.
  • Only cells in deeper layers are squamous in shape and size.
  • Cells in basal layers are cuboidal.
  • Only cells in superficial layers are squamous in shape and size.
  • Cells in basal layers are columnar.

Question 7

Question
Some animals in a herd of cattle may suffer from myophosphorylase deficiency. Which of the following five laboratory tests would best confirm your diagnosis?
Answer
  • histochemical test myophosphorylase activity
  • Haematoxylin & Eosin stain
  • Electron microscopic analysis
  • in situ hybridisation for myophosphorylase enzyme
  • immunohistochemical test for myophosphorylase protein

Question 8

Question
Which of the following correctly explains the mechanism by which a change in intracellular calcium concentration enables muscle contraction in skeletal muscle?
Answer
  • Calcium enters the fibre via T tubules and binds to troponin C
  • Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum induces a conformational change in the tropomyosin-troponin complex
  • Calcium activates the ATPase enzyme on the myosin head
  • Calcium is taken up into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by an ATPase pump and then binds to the ryanodine receptor which activates actin
  • Cell membrane depolarisation activates a sodium –calcium exchanger which induces the power stroke by enhancing metabolism of ADP

Question 9

Question
Which of the following is a correct definition of a motor unit?
Answer
  • A motor neurone and the muscle fibres it innervates
  • All muscle fibres of the same fibre type
  • Muscle fibres within a single fascicle
  • A sarcomere
  • A single muscle fibre

Question 10

Question
Which of the following statements below concerning these two muscles is correct, assuming they are both of equal volume ?
Image:
fd65c710-d255-4584-8771-2e6164d390ea (image/png)
Answer
  • Muscle A contracts at a slower rate than muscle B
  • Muscle B can generate a higher amount of force than muscle A.
  • Muscle A can generate a higher amount of force than muscle B.
  • Muscles such as A tend to be associated with long elastic energy storing tendons
  • Muscle B is more powerful than muscle A

Question 11

Question
Complete the following sentence with the best match from below. “The mechanism by which horses protract their limbs…..”
Answer
  • Involves the brachiocephalicus muscle
  • Involves muscles that can contract to produce high amounts of muscle power
  • Uses elastic energy storage during stance in order to increase the shortening rate of the muscle- tendon unit during swing
  • Uses elastic energy storage to ensure limb protraction does not require large amounts of energy
  • Differs from that of other fast cursors

Question 12

Question
The fascicles that form the hierarchical structure of tendon and ligaments are composed mainly of
Answer
  • Endotenon
  • Proteoglycans
  • Collagen type I
  • Crimp pattern
  • Collagen type III

Question 13

Question
The graph below shows a typical stress-strain relationship for a tendon loaded to failure. The area under the curve (shown by vertical lines) represents
Image:
d510296e-98b4-4e60-b0bd-17abd76f338f (image/png)
Answer
  • Heat loss with loading
  • Heat gain with loading
  • Stiffness of the tissue
  • Energy to failure of the tissue
  • Energy produced in total

Question 14

Question
In which layer of the epidermis are melanocyte cell bodies usually present in pigmented skin?
Answer
  • S. corneum
  • s. basale
  • S. lucidum
  • s. granulosum
  • s. spinosum

Question 15

Question
Which statement best describes the sebaceous gland?
Answer
  • Cells exhibit holocrine secretion and gland opens on to hair follicle
  • Cells exhibit merocrine secretion and gland opens on to skin surface
  • Cells exhibit apocrine secretion and gland opens on to skin surface
  • Cells exhibit merocrine secretion and gland opens on to hair follicle
  • Cells exhibit holocrine excretion and gland opens on to skin surface

Question 16

Question
Which of the following best describes changes in chondrocyte behaviour during the endochondral ossification process?
Answer
  • Resting, maturation, proliferation, hypertrophy and death
  • Resting, proliferation, maturation, hypertrophy and death
  • Resting, hypertrophy, proliferation, maturation and death
  • Resting, proliferation, hypertrophy, maturation and death
  • Resting, maturation, hypertrophy, proliferation and death

Question 17

Question
Which of the following best describes the relative abundance of these components in fresh articular cartilage?
Answer
  • Water > type II collagen > proteoglycan > hyaluronan
  • Water > proteoglycan > type II collagen > hyaluronan
  • Type II collagen > water > proteoglycan > hyaluronan
  • Proteoglycan > water > type II collagen > hyaluronan
  • Hyaluronan > water > proteoglycan > type II collagen

Question 18

Question
The predominant collagen fibre type in hyaline cartilage and bone are, respectively:
Answer
  • III and II
  • II and III
  • I and II
  • II and I

Question 19

Question
Which component of hyaline cartilage is responsible for retaining the large quantities of water? Water Collagens Proteoglycans Chondrocytes Other proteins
Answer
  • Collagen
  • Chondrocytes
  • Proteoglycan
  • Other
  • None of the above

Question 20

Question
A neurone:
Answer
  • has the capacity of self – replication by mitotic cell division
  • has Nissl substance distributed uniformly throughout the cell body
  • always presents multiple dendrites, which are of a branched pattern
  • always presents one single axone, which is branched in tree-like fashion termination
  • has a single axone process which may measure up to a metre or more in length

Question 21

Question
Which of the following are not correctly paired in terms of structure and function?
Answer
  • Neurilemmal cell/myelination of axone processes in peripheral nervous system
  • Astrocyte/blood-brain barrier
  • Satellite cell/lining of cavities (ventricles) of brain
  • Oligodendrocyte/myelination of axone processes in central nervous system
  • Microglia/phagocytosis

Question 22

Question
A synapse:
Answer
  • occurs between one neurone and another neurone or multiple neurones and always results in excitation of these
  • involves a synaptic delay of approximately 0.5 – 1.0 milliseconds
  • occurs between one neurone and muscle tissue and can only result in excitation of the muscle tissue
  • is always mediated by acetylcholine
  • involves a partial fusion of cell membranes

Question 23

Question
A ganglion:
Answer
  • can occur in CNS or PNS
  • is always a collection of cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurones
  • is always a collection of cell bodies of sensory (afferent) neurones
  • is always a site of synapse
  • may be large enough to see at naked-eye level

Question 24

Question
The navicular bone:
Answer
  • is otherwise termed the proximal sesamoid bone
  • lies within the deep digital flexor tendon
  • articulates with both the middle and distal phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joint
  • is palpable at the bulbs of the heel
  • is attached proximally to the distal divisions of the suspensory ligament

Question 25

Question
A ”low palmar digital nerve block” in the forelimb:
Answer
  • blocks nerve fibres derived from only the median nerve.
  • desensitises ALL structures within the hoof
  • is performed midway between the fetlock joint and the coronary band
  • involves blocking the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves
  • is a “4 point” block

Question 26

Question
Coactivation is the stimulation of lower motoneurons by the upper motor neurons resulting into.
Answer
  • Activation of gamma motoneurons to extrafusal fibres
  • Activation of alpha motoneurons to intrafusal fibres
  • Activation of both alpha and gamma motoneurons to extrafusal fibres and intrafusal fibres respectively.
  • Activation on gamma motoneurons causing the muscle spindles to relax.

Question 27

Question
In crossed-extensor reflex sensory inputs are relayed to the spinal cord and to the interneurons. The interneurons respond by sending inhibitory and facilitatory motor response:
Answer
  • causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb to relax and flexor muscles to contract while both extensor and flexor muscles in the contralateral side relax.
  • causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb (ispilateral) to relax and flexor muscles to contract while extensor muscles in contralateral side relax and flexor muscles contract.
  • causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb to relax and flexor muscles to contract while both extensor and flexor muscles in the contralateral side to contract.
  • causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb (ispilateral) to relax and flexor muscles to contract while extensor muscles in contralateral side contract and flexor muscles to relax.

Question 28

Question
Motion of hinge joint and example
Answer
  • multiaxial and intercarpal joint
  • uniaxial and femorotibial joint
  • multtaxial and shoulder joint
  • uniaxial and elbow joint

Question 29

Question
Motion of ball and socket joint and example
Answer
  • uniaxial and elbow joint
  • uniaxial and femorotibial joint
  • multiaxial and shoulder/hip joint
  • biaxial and radiocarpal joint

Question 30

Question
Motion of plane joint and example
Answer
  • biaxial and radiocarpal joint
  • multiaxial and intercarpal joint
  • uniaxial and atlantoaxial joint
  • multiaxial and shoulder/hip joint

Question 31

Question
Motion of elipsoidal joint and example
Answer
  • uniaxial and atlantoaxial joint
  • biaxial and distal interphalangeal joint
  • multiaxial and intercarpal joint
  • biaxial and radiocarpal joint

Question 32

Question
Motion of pivot joint and example
Answer
  • biaxial and distal interphalangeal joint
  • biaxial and radiocarpal joint
  • uniaxial and atlantoaxial joint
  • multiaxial and intercarpal joint

Question 33

Question
Motion of saddle joint and example
Answer
  • biaxial and distal interphalangeal joint
  • multiaxial and intercarpal joint
  • biaxial and radiocarpal joint
  • uniaxial and femorotibial joint

Question 34

Question
Define the joint cavity structure
Answer
  • A plate of fibrocartilage
  • space unique to synovial joint
  • inner lining of fibrous layer
  • A structure found in only elastic cartilage
  • A structure found in only friborus cartilage

Question 35

Question
The synovial membrane is highly vascularised
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 36

Question
What is the meniscus
Answer
  • plate of elastic cartilage
  • sesamoid bone
  • plate of fibrocartilage
  • phagocytic cells found in bone
  • a ligament

Question 37

Question
What does the meniscus partially or fully divide
Answer
  • a joint cavity
  • a tendon at its insertion site
  • blood vessels and bone
  • articular cartiulage

Question 38

Question
What is the fibrous layer in joints
Answer
  • a layer of bone
  • white/yellow elastic fibrous part of joint capsule which attaches to the periosteum
  • a layer of cartilage
  • substance made up of type 3 collagen

Question 39

Question
What is the periosteum structurally?
Answer
  • form of hyaline cartilage
  • a segment of primary osteon
  • the extracellular matrix of bone
  • fibrous covering around bone

Question 40

Question
What best describes the function of the periosteum?
Answer
  • Articulation surface between joints
  • Bone growth, repair, nutrition, ligament/tendon attachment
  • a structure to allow endochondral ossification
  • a reservoir for osteoblast cells

Question 41

Question
What is the major constituent of tendon?
Answer
  • water
  • type 2 collagen
  • type 1 collagen
  • proteoglycans
  • hyaluronic acid

Question 42

Question
The types of cartilaginous joints
Answer
  • synchondrosis and symphysis
  • sutures, syndesmoses and gomphosis
  • sutures, syndesmoses, symphysis and gomphosis
  • symphysis and syndesmoses
  • synchondrosis and gomphosis

Question 43

Question
Which one of these is not typically present in synovial fluid?
Answer
  • water
  • hyaluronic acid
  • glycoproteins
  • surface active phospholids
  • Type A mononuclear leukocytes
  • Glucose and electrolytes
  • Platelets

Question 44

Question
The types of dense fibrous joints
Answer
  • synchondrosis and symphysis
  • sutures, syndesmoses and gomphosis
  • sutures and synchondrosis
  • Gomphosis, synchondrosis and symphysis
  • Gomphosis, synchondrosis , syndesmoses and symphysis

Question 45

Question
What cells produce synovial fluid
Answer
  • type A fibroblasts
  • chondrocytes
  • type B fibroblasts
  • osteoblasts
  • erythrocytes

Question 46

Question
How many chondrocytes are found in lacunae
Answer
  • 1
  • 5
  • 2-4 (usually in pairs)
  • 6
  • none

Question 47

Question
Define Wolff's law
Answer
  • bone will arrange randomly
  • bone only arranges in places it is needed

Question 48

Question
Describe remodelling
Answer
  • bone resorption by osteoclasts followed by deposition of osteoid by osteoblasts
  • only osteoblast depositon
  • only osteoclast resorption
  • bone resorption by osteoblasts followed by deposition of osteoid by osteoclasts

Question 49

Question
Describe modelling
Answer
  • the degradation of bone
  • a process to arrange collagen firbres
  • the growth of bone and change in bone shape due to bone deposition and or resporption
  • osteoblast and osteoclast activity to repair fatigue damage but no change in bone shape

Question 50

Question
What does intramembranous ossification form
Answer
  • flat bones and skulls
  • bones with articulations
  • cartilage
  • mesenchyme

Question 51

Question
what best describes the process of intramembranous ossification
Answer
  • direct replacement of mesenchyme with bone
  • the formation of new haversion systems containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
  • the generation of bone by osteoblast cells
  • only occurs to repair fatigue damage

Question 52

Question
What do primary and secondary osteons form
Answer
  • new haversion systems containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
  • articulations

Question 53

Question
what cells are involved in primary osteons
Answer
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts and osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes
  • osteoclasts

Question 54

Question
where does primary osteons form
Answer
  • surface of bone generating smooth channels
  • fibrocartilage
  • pre-existing bone from inside
  • surface of hyaline cartilage

Question 55

Question
What cells are involved in secondary osteons
Answer
  • osteoclasts and osteoblasts
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
  • chondrocytes

Question 56

Question
where does secondary osteons take place
Answer
  • pre-existing bone from inside
  • surface of bone and smooth
  • cartilage
  • blood vessels

Question 57

Question
What shape are osteoblasts and where are they present
Answer
  • simple cells with bone extracellular matrix
  • multinuclear cells on surface of bone
  • squamous cells on surface of bone
  • cuboidal cells on the surface of bone

Question 58

Question
Function of osteoblasts
Answer
  • secrete osteoid and signal osteoclasts for resorption/secretion balance
  • resorb bone matrix by secreting HCl and proteases
  • cell body in lacunae which detect microdamage and attract osteoclasts

Question 59

Question
Shape of osteoclasts and where they are present
Answer
  • multinuclear cells on surface of bone
  • cuboidal cells on the surface of bone
  • simple cells within bone extracellular matrix
  • squamous cells on surface of bone
  • multinuclear cells bone extracellular matrix

Question 60

Question
Function of osteoclasts
Answer
  • secrete osteoid and signal osteoclasts for resorption/secretion balance
  • resorb bone matrix by secreting HCl and proteases
  • cell body in lacunae which detect microdamage and attract osteoclasts

Question 61

Question
Function of osteocytes
Answer
  • cell body in lacunae which detect microdamage and attract osteoclasts
  • resorb bone matrix by secreting HCl and proteases
  • secrete osteoid and signal osteoclasts for resorption/secretion balance

Question 62

Question
What best describe tendons functional organisation of collagen
Answer
  • crimp structure
  • chain structure
  • elongated fibers running parrallel
  • random arrangement

Question 63

Question
Where are tenocytes located?
Answer
  • blood plasma
  • elongated in chains between collage fibres
  • adipose tissue
  • CNS
  • PNS

Question 64

Question
Collagen synthesis involves?
Answer
  • triple helix of polypeptide chains translated as procollagen and cleaved into collagen
  • double helix of polypeptide chains translated as procollagen and cleaved into collagen
  • triple helix of polypeptide chains translated as collagen
  • procollagen and glycosylated into collagen

Question 65

Question
Work=?
Answer
  • force x time
  • force x distance and power x time
  • distance/ force
  • power x distance

Question 66

Question
Power=?
Answer
  • work / time
  • force x distance
  • time x force
  • distance x work

Question 67

Question
What do short fibers at an angle increase
Answer
  • physiological cross sectional area
  • tension
  • strength
  • power

Question 68

Question
Best description for large moment arms
Answer
  • low force to lift larger loads with small motion and lower velocity
  • large force required to lift larger loads with large motion with high velocity

Question 69

Question
Best description for small moment arms
Answer
  • large force required to lift larger loads with large motion and high velocity
  • lower force required to lift larger loads with small motion and low velocity

Question 70

Question
The name for muscle cells
Answer
  • muscle fibre
  • myofibrils
  • myofilaments

Question 71

Question
What process involves the formation of syncitical structure formed by union of several embyonic myoblast cells which fuse to form a multinuclear cells
Answer
  • Myogenesis
  • Muscle cell atrophy
  • Sarcomere increase

Question 72

Question
The properties of a cardiac cell
Answer
  • Uninucleated
  • Branched
  • Central nuclei
  • All of the answers
  • Striated

Question 73

Question
Which one of these properties would not be attributed to smooth muscle cells
Answer
  • Branched
  • Central nuclei
  • Uninucleated
  • Unicellular

Question 74

Question
Which one of these properties are not attributed to skeletal muscle cells
Answer
  • Striated
  • Multicellular
  • Nuclei at periphery
  • Central nuceli
  • Multinuclear

Question 75

Question
What is the excitatory neurotransmitter of skeletal muscle
Answer
  • acetylcholine
  • somatostatin
  • GABA
  • histamine
  • tryptamine

Question 76

Question
The muscle cells which are slow oxidative with low myosin ATPase activity, fatigue resistant, high oxidative ability and stain light
Answer
  • Type 1 muscle fibres
  • Type 2a muscle fibres
  • Type 2b muscle fibres

Question 77

Question
The muscle cells which have high myosin ATPase activity, high oxidative and glycolytic capacity
Answer
  • Type 2a muscle fibres
  • Type 1 muscle fibres
  • Type 2b muscle fibres

Question 78

Question
The muscle cells with high myosin ATPase activity, high glycolytic ability, fatigue easily and stain dark
Answer
  • Type 2b muscle fibres
  • Type 2a muscle fibres
  • Type 1 muscle fibres

Question 79

Question
Alpha dystroglycan and integrins are molecules involved with
Answer
  • endomysium to muscle fibre cytoskeleton
  • epimysium to perimysium
  • endomysium to perimyium
  • epimysium to fascia

Question 80

Question
The innervation ratio of muscles is best described as?
Answer
  • the number of muscle fibres innervated by a single motor unit
  • the contractile force generated from a singular molar of neurotransmitter
  • the concentration of neurotransmitter required for contraction
  • the total number of depolarization of a motor neuron to induce contraction of muscle fibres

Question 81

Question
In the sarcomere structure where are thick filaments PRIMARILY myosin found
Answer
  • A band
  • I band
  • H band
  • Z line
  • M line

Question 82

Question
In the sarcomere structure where are thin filaments primarily actin located
Answer
  • I band
  • A band
  • H band
  • Z line
  • M line

Question 83

Question
In the sarcomere structure where is ONLY myosin located
Answer
  • H band
  • A band
  • I band
  • Z line
  • M line

Question 84

Question
Where in the sarcomere is the end region containing alpha actinin
Answer
  • Z line
  • A band
  • H band
  • I band
  • M line

Question 85

Question
In the sacromere where are the protein filaments which anchor thick filaments during contraction?
Answer
  • M line
  • Z line
  • H band
  • I band
  • A band

Question 86

Question
Titin is the largest protein in the body. What is its function in muscle contraction?
Answer
  • A molecular spring responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle
  • Responsible for anchoring thick filaments during muscle contraction
  • A catabolic enzyme responsible for muscle atrophy
  • A anabolic enzyme responsible for muscle hypertrophy

Question 87

Question
Which description best describes the sliding filament theory
Answer
  • shortening of sarcomeres towards origin, Z line distance reduces, strokes of myosin cross bridges pull the thin filament, A band remains the same and H band shortens
  • lengthening of sarcomeres towards origin, Z line distance reduces, strokes of myosin cross bridges pull the thin filament, A band remains the same and H band shortens
  • shortening of sarcomeres towards origin, Z line distance reduces, strokes of myosin cross bridges pull the thick filament, A band remains the same and H band shortens

Question 88

Question
What description best describes the cross bridge cycle?
Answer
  • without ATP the crossbridge is strongly bound to actin, the ATP binds to myosin and crossbridge detaches due to a conformational change, ATP hydrolysed to ADP, the ADP released causing power stroke to occur
  • with ATP the crossbridge is strongly bound to actin, the ATP disscoiates from myosin and crossbridge detaches due to a conformational change, ATP binds causing power stroke to occur
  • without ATP the crossbridge is strongly bound to actin, Calcium binds to myosin and crossbridge detaches due to a conformational change, ATP hydrolysed to ADP, the ADP released causing power stroke to occur

Question 89

Question
What is the Ca2+ concentration required for muscle contraction?
Answer
  • 10-6 M
  • 10-9 M
  • 10-7 M
  • 10-6 mM

Question 90

Question
Where is Ca2+ stored for muscle contraction
Answer
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • sarcoplasma
  • T tubules
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes

Question 91

Question
DHP receptors changing leading to opening of Ryanodine receptors is due to what?
Answer
  • T tubules conducting an action potential affects what receptors
  • Calcium entering cytoplasm from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Movement of the tropomyosin complex
  • Osteoblast activity

Question 92

Question
Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm occurs by...? (pick the most direct cause)
Answer
  • The opening of Ryanodine receptors causes what
  • T tubules conducting action potentials
  • tropomyosin complex movement
  • Satellite cells fusing into muscle fibers

Question 93

Question
What is the effect of Ca2+ in muscle?
Answer
  • binding to troponin C causing tropomyosin complex to move and expose binding sites on actin
  • T tubules conducting action potentials
  • muscle relaxation
  • DHP receptors change which opens Ryanodine receptors

Question 94

Question
What is osteoporosis?
Answer
  • Bones becoming brittle and fragile from loss of tissue due to hormonal changes and deficiency of Ca and Vit D
  • bone becomes dense and susceptible to fracture due to failure in osteoclasts to resorb bone
  • Monotonic failure of bone
  • process of fatigue repair in bone

Question 95

Question
Genetic mutation in CA2 gene can cause
Answer
  • osteopetrosis
  • osteoporosis
  • muscle atrophy
  • muscle dysplasia

Question 96

Question
Describe osteopetrosis
Answer
  • bone becomes dense and susceptible to fracture due to failure in osteoclasts to resorb bone
  • bones becoming brittle and fragile from loss of tissue due to hormonal changes and deficiency of Ca and Vit D
  • Montonic failure of bone
  • Muscle dysplasia

Question 97

Question
Which muscle fibers will undergo hypertrophy twice as fast
Answer
  • Type 2
  • Type 1

Question 98

Question
Muscle size increase by increase of what?
Answer
  • the number of sarcomeres
  • the number of muscle fibers
  • the number of satellite cells
  • increase in the rate of myogenesis

Question 99

Question
From left to right label the neuron cell type
Image:
589efbd6-480e-4e51-a9c1-781a577b331b (image/png)
Answer
  • multipolar, bipolar, pseudo unipolar
  • bipolar, multipolar, pseudo unipolar
  • pseudo unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
  • multipolar, pseudo unipolar, bipolar

Question 100

Question
The Na/K pump pumps how many Na+ out and K+in
Answer
  • 3 Na+ out 2 K+ in
  • 2 Na+ out 3 K+ in
  • 3 Na+ out 3 K+ in
  • 3 Na+ out 1 K+ in

Question 101

Question
The resting membrane potential value
Answer
  • -70mV
  • -55mV
  • +30mV
  • -75mV

Question 102

Question
Threshold of depolarisation for Na+ channels to open
Answer
  • -55mV
  • -70mV
  • +30mV
  • -75mV

Question 103

Question
Value of depolarisation for K+ channels to open and cause repolarisation
Answer
  • +30mV
  • -70mV
  • -75mV
  • -55mV

Question 104

Question
How is hyperpolarisaion of -75mV commonly known as the refractory period restored the the resting membrane potential
Answer
  • action of Na/K pump
  • passive diffusion of Na and K
  • naturally overtime
  • the intake of Calcium ions

Question 105

Question
The cells responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system
Answer
  • Schwann cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Satellite cells
  • Neuroglia

Question 106

Question
The cells responsible for myelination in the central nervous system
Answer
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann cells
  • Neuroglial cells
  • Satellite cells

Question 107

Question
Action potentials only occurring at the nodes of ranvier is known as?
Answer
  • Saltatory conduction
  • Saltatory convection
  • Salivatory conduction
  • Neurogenic conduction

Question 108

Question
Which one of these is NOT involved with neurotransmitter release?
Answer
  • action potentials reaches axon terminal, voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
  • Ca2+ binds to sensor proteins in cytoplasm,
  • Ca2+ protein complex stimulates docking, fusion and exocytosis of neurotransmitter
  • Lysomome degradation of neurotransmitter granules

Question 109

Question
The effects of excitatory neurotransmitters
Answer
  • Na+ channels open and depolarise cell
  • Cl- channels opens and inhibit postsynaptic potential
  • Activation of Na/K pump
  • Hyperpolarisation

Question 110

Question
The effects of inhibitory neurotransmitters
Answer
  • Activation of Na/K pump
  • Cl- channels opens and inhibit postsynaptic potential
  • Na+ channels open and depolarise cell
  • Depolarization of cell membrane

Question 111

Question
Alpha motor neurons stimulate what
Answer
  • extrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
  • intrafusal fibres the muscle spindles
  • intrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
  • xtrafusal fibers the muscle spindles

Question 112

Question
Gamma motor neurons stimulate what
Answer
  • intrafusal fibers the muscle spindles
  • extrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
  • extrafusal fibers the muscle spindles
  • intrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers

Question 113

Question
What do muscle spindles consist of
Answer
  • intrafusal fibres
  • nuclear bag
  • nuclear chain
  • All of the answers

Question 114

Question
Primary annulospiral and secondary flower spray sensory neurons serve what?
Answer
  • the intrafusal fibers
  • the extrfusal fibers
  • interneurons
  • Bipolar neurons

Question 115

Question
What do primary annulospiral sensory neurons respond to and where are they located
Answer
  • respond to onset of strecth and are located centrally
  • respond to onset of strecth and are located peripherally
  • respond to onset of flexion and are located centrally
  • respond to onset of pain and are located centrally

Question 116

Question
What do secondary flower spray sensory neurons respond to and where are they located
Answer
  • respond to tonic stretch and are located at the poles
  • respond to tonic stretch and are located at centrally
  • respond to tonic stretch and are located at the peripherally
  • respond to pain and are located at the poles

Question 117

Question
Which one of these describes the golgi tendon reflex?
Answer
  • disynaptic reflex which inhibits alpha motor neurons
  • monosynaptic reflex which stimulates alpha motor neurons
  • monosynaptic reflex which stimulates gamma motor neurons
  • disynaptic reflex which inhibits gamma motor neurons

Question 118

Question
Which one of these describes the muscle spindle reflex?
Answer
  • monosynaptic reflex which stimulates alpha motor neurons
  • disynaptic reflex which inhibits alpha motor neurons
  • disynaptic reflex which inhibits gamma motor neurons
  • monosynaptic reflex which stimulates gamma motor neurons

Question 119

Question
Which structure is NOT part of the Triosseal canal?
Answer
  • scapula
  • coracoid
  • clavicle
  • humerus

Question 120

Question
Hollow bones are known as what
Answer
  • Trabecular bone
  • pneumatised bone
  • osteoporotic bone
  • osteopetrotic bone
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