WORLD HISTORY 1 KEY TERMS

Charlemagne-king of the Franks- had a good relationship w/ church-legacy: united parts of Western Europe- HRE, peace & stability- diplomatic relations with Byz & Islam leaders, support of RCC, education/revival of learning (Carolingian renaissance)-when he dies in 814 and after son Loui Pious dies in 840- treaty of verdun 843-- territory divided three ways

Europe:KingsLords/VassalsKnights/VassalsPeasants/Serfsfief- grant of landfealty- loyalty-after age of confusion (who' is king bc charl. died and so did his son..

Japan:EmperorShogunDaimyoSamuraiPeasantsArtisansMerchants

Causes of 1st crusade:-invasion by muslims on biz empire for Jerusalem (holy land)-heal/restore east/west christianity-cleanse lands of non-christs-vengeance-land=$-god's will-restore lands-Pope Urban II- "call to crusades" clermont 1095: remission of sins unity salvation- higher cause, god's work prove self

1st Crusade 1095-1099:-people- pope urban II, french, HRE, italian forces-goal- recapture jerusalem-outcome- captured jerusalem-effects-1. "kingdom of jerusalem"2. crusade states3. economic development4. knights templar-most successful and fastest crusade

2nd Crusade 1147-1149:-people: Bernard of clair vaux (monk), saladin (king of egypt & syria), louis VII, eleanor of aquitane-goal- rescue crumbling crusader states-outcome- jerusalem recaptured by saladin--military failure-effects-1. restore islamic economic control of the holy land2. discredited crusades as military threat

3rd Crusade 1189-1192:-people- Richard lion hearted of england, frederick barbarosa of hre, philip augustus of france-goal- reclaim jerusalem-outcome- failure: barb died, rich was captured and left, phil aug left-effects-1. mil failure2. trade connections3. eng forced to pay high ransom--high taxes--growing resentment towards english kings4.Magna carta^^ restricts power of kings

Magna Carta 1215-signed by king john -barons revolt for power-restore/give rights to barons-restrict kings power-lower taxes- consent-end revolt

Duke William of Normandy/ the conqueror-becomes eng king after battle of hastings 1066-vassal of france (owns norm) and king of eng

Henry II-king of eng-married eleanor of aquitaine who had been married to louis vii

Louis IX (r. 1226-1270)-reforms:1. beauracracy2. fair local govt3. law & order- ends private war & abolishes serfdom in royal lands4. justice- right to appeal to higher courts5. equitable tax system

Theodora-ruled alongside Justinian and as equal-told him to kill of his political enemies in massacre

Justinian-united & strengthened byz empire:1. religion- christianity (unifying)2. trade- wealth3. military4. gov't-regional governors5. law- justinian code-aiga sophiaCorpus Juris Civilis-Justinian's code of law that provided uniform law throughout the empire

Constantinople-conquered by Constantine-center of trade and culture-center of wealthy eastSchism of 1054-after icon controversy (8th-9th century) & in 726 Pope Leo III bans icons because:1. weaken monastic owners of popular icons2. influence of Muslim & Jewish contempt for image worship3. theological meanings- growing differences b/w eastern orthodox church and western roman catholic church:e- bible=final authorityw-pope interpret, bible=finale-holy spirit proceeded from the father alonew-holy spirit proceeded from father and son "filioque"-pope's envoy, cardinal Humbertus sent to constantinople to negotiate with eastern officials--negotiations break down & excommunication of east officials- east condemns westMonastic Life-Christianity became unifying force as the empire declines-monks must devote themselves and their entire lives to religionBenedict-defines monastic life^^

Hundred Years War 1337-1453-caused bc king edward iii of england claims french crown-war for national identity-ed iii (phil iv's daughters son) vs. phil ii (phil iv brothers son)-france- had advantage of population and wealth but struggled to transition from feudal state to unified state-english-military superiority-consequences-1. high loss of life (comb with black death = pop drop)2. devastation of france3. heavy eco costs- eng spent $5 mil pounds4. social upheaval- kings emerge5. tech advances- canon6. strengthened parliment-kings constant need for $ for war7. nationalism

Joan of Arc 1412-1431-sense of national identity and self confidence -french rally & fight back english in 100 years war

Babylonian Captivity/Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)-origins- struggle between pope boniface viii and king philip (bc of clergy tax) led to election of pope clement v in 1305-moves papacy from rome to avignon france- next 7 popes (av papacy)results- damaged papal prestige-influence by kings-curia = pap govt

Great Schism 1377/8-1417-2 popes elected (one in france and 1 in eng)--both refuse to recognized the other-further eroded church prestige

Renaissance-individualism & human potential in art

Medici Family-great arts patrons- florence

Humanism-greek/latin--classics-individualism-human potential-worldly life

War of the Roses 1455-1485-henry vi of lancaster challenged by duke of york-henry tudor = henry vii-tudor dynasty

Ivan III (1462-1505)-increased territory-ended mongol rule-moscow-center pol.eco.cul-shifted power away from aristocratic princes

Ferdinand and Isabella-untied aragon and castile in marriage-total religious control-exiled jews and muslims (previously been in harmony)-focused on expansion to new worldSpanish Inquistition 1478-1492-root out heretics& insecure converts-200,000 jews exiled

KEY TERMS