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Neuroscience Exam #2 - Anxiety

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Test sobre Neuroscience Exam #2 - Anxiety, creado por Melanie Grynsztejn el 27/03/2018.
Melanie Grynsztejn
Test por Melanie Grynsztejn, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Melanie Grynsztejn
Creado por Melanie Grynsztejn hace alrededor de 6 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
Anxiety disorders facts:
Respuesta
  • Highest prevalence of any mental health disorder
  • More prevalent in women
  • <45 years old
  • Divorced, separated
  • Adolescents

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
Age of onset for anxiety disorders is
Respuesta
  • Early adulthood
  • Adulthood
  • Elderly
  • Childhood or early adolescene

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a medical rule out for anxiety
Respuesta
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Neoplastic disorders
  • Hepatic disorders
  • Lyme disease
  • Hypersensitivity reactions
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Pulmonary disorders
  • Cardiovascular disorders
  • Neurological disorders

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
DSM Anxiety Disorders include [blank_start]anxiety[blank_end] disorders, [blank_start]obsessivecompulsive[blank_end] disorders and [blank_start]trauma or stressor related[blank_end] disorders
Respuesta
  • anxiety
  • bipolar
  • obsessivecompulsive
  • mood
  • trauma or stressor related
  • personality disorders

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
Eustress vs. Distress: remember stress isn't always negative [blank_start]Eustress:[blank_end] Motivating, short-term, exciting [blank_start]Distress:[blank_end] Short- or long-term, perceived as beyond coping ability, unpleasant
Image:
Stress (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Eustress:
  • Distress:
  • Eustress:
  • Distress:

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
“Anxiety and fear are cousins but not twins. [blank_start]Fear[blank_end] sees a threat. [blank_start]Anxiety[blank_end] imagines one.” – Max Lucado
Respuesta
  • Fear
  • Anxiety

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
Neuroanatomy of anxiety. Which parts of the brain are involved. [blank_start]Prefrontal cortex[blank_end] [blank_start]orbitofrontal cortex[blank_end] [blank_start]ventromedial prefrontal cortex[blank_end] [blank_start]limbic system[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • ventral tegmental area
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • mammillary bodies
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • limbic system

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
In neuroanatomy of anxiety, what is the function of the prefrontal cortex
Image:
Phineuas (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Executive functioning, planning, decision making
  • Predicting consequences
  • Understanding social behavior
  • Control impuses and regulates mood

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
In the neuroanatomy of anxiety, the [blank_start]orbitofrontal[blank_end] cortex controls impulses, regulates mood, and drives moral judgment
Respuesta
  • orbitofrontal

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
Which is not a feature of the limbic system
Image:
Limbic1 (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Structures between the cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem
  • Not a discrete “system” but rather a collection of anatomically-related structures with varying functions
  • Center for emotional responsiveness, motivation, memory, olfaction, safety
  • Phylogenetically ancient, paleomammalian brain
  • Controls moral judgement and controls impulses

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
[blank_start]Ventromedial prefrontal[blank_end] cortex is in charge of reward processing – think and visceral response to emotions
Respuesta
  • Ventromedial prefrontal

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
[blank_start]Hippocampus[blank_end] -Spatial navigation. Memory formation/storage [blank_start]Amygdala[blank_end] – Processes emotional stimuli. Receives information about physical needs. Initiates behavioral response [blank_start]Hypothalamus[blank_end] – Receives unprocessed sensory input. Connects endocrine system to nervous system via pituitary gland [blank_start]Thalamus[blank_end] – sensory processing. Hub of information transfer. Directs sensory input for processing
Respuesta
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
The [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end]: Shifts short-term memory to long-term memory Encodes our memory with emotions by interacting with amygdala Interacts with amygdala to encode emotional memories Active in imaging studies during fearful situations
Respuesta
  • hippocampus

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
Neuroanatomy of the hippocampus in anxiety
Image:
Hippocampus (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Seahorse-shaped structure in medial temporal lobe
  • Receives input from neurotransmitter systems and sends output to the rest of the brain
  • Memory formation and storage
  • Related to stress sensitivity and resiliency
  • Structures between the cerebral hemisphere and the brainstem

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
The hippocampus is related to stress sensitivity and resiliency. A [blank_start]large[blank_end] hippocampus is protective agains anxiety disorders. A [blank_start]small[blank_end] hippcampus has increased risk of PTSD in the context of trauma
Respuesta
  • large
  • small
  • large
  • small

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
The amygdala has three groups, a medial group, a basal-lateral group, and a central group. Which group has connections with the hypothalamus and the brain stem, cues the endocrine system response, and influences expression of emotion, and triggers the autonomic nervous system?
Image:
Amygdala (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Medial
  • Basal-lateral
  • Central group

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
Neuroendocrine pathways for the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. Let's review as this is probably an exam question: Activated by [blank_start]stress[blank_end] Hypothalamus releases [blank_start]corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)[blank_end] CRF binds to receptors on [blank_start]anterior pituitary gland[blank_end] [blank_start]Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)[blank_end] is released ACTH binds to receptors on [blank_start]adrenal cortex[blank_end] [blank_start]Cortisol and adrenaline[blank_end] are released!
Respuesta
  • corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
  • anterior pituitary gland
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • adrenal cortex
  • Cortisol and adrenaline
  • stress

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
Function of the HPA axis is SAFETY & PROTECTION
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
Cortisol
Respuesta
  • Released for several hours after exposure to stressor
  • Increases glucose in the bloodstream and enhances the brain’s use of glucose
  • Suppresses nonessential functions such as digestion, reproduction, and growth processes
  • At sufficient concentrations, cortisol exerts negative feedback to hypothalamus and homeostasis returns
  • Lasts for only minutes after exposure to stressor
  • Decreases glucose in the bloodstream

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
Adrenaline Increases [blank_start]heart[blank_end] rate, [blank_start]blood[blank_end] pressure, respiratory [blank_start]rate,[blank_end] and [blank_start]carbohydrate[blank_end] metabolism
Respuesta
  • heart
  • blood
  • rate,
  • carbohydrate

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
Chronic/prolonged stress = repeated/sustained HPA axis activation
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
[blank_start]Calming NT[blank_end]: γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA) [blank_start]Excitatory NT:[blank_end] Glutamate [blank_start]Monoaminergic neurotransmitters[blank_end] Serotonin Norepinephrine Dopamine
Respuesta
  • Calming NT
  • Excitatory NT:
  • Monoaminergic neurotransmitters

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
Excessive [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end] activity causes anxiety, agitation, and seizures
Respuesta
  • glutamate

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
Benzodiazepines increase [blank_start]GABA[blank_end] activity at amygdala and PFC
Respuesta
  • GABA

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
[blank_start]GABA[blank_end] Principal inhibitory neurotransmitter [blank_start]Glutamate[blank_end] Principal excitatory neurotransmitter [blank_start]GABA[blank_end] Decreases neurons’ electrical excitability [blank_start]Glutamate[blank_end] Increases neurons’ electrical excitability [blank_start]Glutamate[blank_end] Necessary for attention/coordination [blank_start]GABA[blank_end] Calm, relaxation, sleep
Respuesta
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • GABA
  • Glutamate

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
Enhancing 5-HT input to the amygdala can [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] anxiety/fear
Respuesta
  • reduce
  • increase

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
Serotonin
Respuesta
  • Primarily found in GI tract, blood platelets, and CNS
  • Involved in regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, memory, learning
  • Inhibitory effect on some amygdalar outputs
  • Excitatory effect on some aygdalar outputs
  • Primarily found in the brain

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
Norepinephrine
Image:
Cns (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Mobilizes the brain and body for action
  • Lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness
  • NE output from locus coeruleus enhances memory, attention, arousal
  • Peaks during fight-or-flight: Increases heart rate/BP, release of glucose from energy stores, inhibits GI motility
  • NE output from ventral tegmental area enhances memory, attention, arousal

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
Dopamine
Image:
Reward (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Significant in reward-motivated behavior
  • Pleasurable experiences cause dopamine release: sex, food/appetite, addictive substances
  • Involved in some motor control, GI motility, insulin production, and hormone regulation

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) met genetic allele:
Respuesta
  • Enzyme which degrades dopamine and norepinephrine
  • COMT genotypes implicated in expression of anxiety and depression
  • Enzyme degraded serotonin and dompamine

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
Met genotype: [blank_start]Lower[blank_end] COMT activity = [blank_start]higher[blank_end] NT levels = [blank_start]excessive[blank_end] NT release under stress = WORRIER Val genotype: [blank_start]Higher[blank_end] COMT activity = [blank_start]lower[blank_end] NT levels = [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] NT release under stress = WARRIOR
Respuesta
  • Lower
  • Higher
  • higher
  • lower
  • excessive
  • decreased
  • Higher
  • Lower
  • lower
  • higher
  • decreased
  • excessive

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
Which gene regulates the HPA axis and monoaminergic signaling
Respuesta
  • 5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter
  • Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
  • Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductas

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
The [blank_start]short (S)[blank_end] allele of 5-HTTLPR: Serotonin transporter puts a patient as risk for anxiety
Respuesta
  • short (S)
  • long (L)

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
What environmental factors play a part in increasing anxiety?
Respuesta
  • Physical/sexual trauma
  • Substance abuse
  • Chronic chaos/neglect
  • Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)
  • VUSN PMHNP program
  • News that the world is facing a tequila shortage

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorders can be caused by the following drugs except
Respuesta
  • Sympathomimetics (pseudophedrine)
  • Stimulants (Methylphenidate, Amphetamines)
  • Benzodiazepines
  • System and anabolic steroids
  • Drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamaines, hallucinogens, substance withdrawal)
  • Atypical antipsychotics

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
Panic disorder usually starts before the age of 24 and usually has lots of comorbidities as patients try to self-medicate
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
DSM-5 Criteria for Panic Disorder include recurrent UNEXPECTED panic attacks, followed by 1 month of:
Image:
Panic1 (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Persistent concern
  • Worry about implications or consequences of panic attacks
  • Maladaptive changes in behavior
  • Walks on the beach doing yoga

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
Agoraphobia is fear of situations with
Image:
Agoro (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Large wide open spaces
  • Too many people or large crowds
  • Escape is difficult or embarrassing

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
Neuroanatomy of panic disorder includes: [blank_start]Elevated[blank_end] glucose uptake in amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus [blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] frontal lobe activity
Respuesta
  • Elevated
  • Decreased

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
Neurotransmitter pathways in panic disorder: [blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] GABA concentrations, elevated glutamatergic signaling [blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] serotonin receptor binding, increased norepinephrine concentration
Respuesta
  • Decreased
  • Increased
  • Decreased
  • Increased

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
Panic disorder is the most heritable of all anxiety disorders with first-degree relatives of patient with panic DO means that patient has 7X increased risk
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
Neuroendocrine pathways in panic disorder include: (on exam study guide)
Respuesta
  • Elevated baseline cortisol = anticipatory anxiety
  • Hypersensitive to situations that trigger HPA axis activation
  • Decreased baseline cortisol = anticipatory anxiety
  • Hyposensitive to situations that trigger HPA axis activation

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
Specific phobia (like clowns) is the most common anxiety disorder, women twice as likely to suffer as men, and typical age of onset is childhood to adolescence
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
Specific phobia is a persistent fear of clearly discernible objects or situations that provoke immediate anxiety and cause social or occupational impairement
Image:
Itclown (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
Specific Phobia Neuroanatomy: activation of [blank_start]amygdala[blank_end], decreased [blank_start]prefrontal cortex response[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • amygdala
  • prefrontal cortex response

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
Social anxiety disorder is twice as likely in women as men, onset is childhood or adolescence and is often seen with MDD or substance abuse disorders
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
DSM 5 criteria for social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of situations in which exposure to unfamiliar people o scrutiny is possible. Fear that actions will expose anxiety or possible humiliation or embarrassment.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
Neuroanatomy of Social Anxiety Disorder: [blank_start]Hyperactive[blank_end] prefrontal cortex - misinterpreting social cues [blank_start]Hyperreactive[blank_end] amygdala - receives sensory information before analysis and signals the sympathetic nervous system
Respuesta
  • Hyperactive
  • Hypoactive
  • Hyperreactive
  • Hypoactive

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
Genetics of social anxiety disorder involve Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) which governs reuptake of serotonin into the neuron. The [blank_start]short[blank_end] allele is involved in increased risk of anxiety and depression in context of stressful environment, Increased startle response and a stronger amygdala activation in response to angry faces
Image:
Startle (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • short

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
Generalized anxiety disorder has the youngest age of onset for an anxiety disorder
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
Excessive worries/anxiety for at least [blank_start]6 month[blank_end]s. Worry about a number of events, situations, activities. Difficulty controlling the worry. Three or more of the following: Restless/on edge Easily fatigued Difficulty concentrating Irritability Muscle tension Sleep disturbance
Respuesta
  • 6 months
  • 3 months

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
Neuroendocrine pathways of generalized anxiety disorder include all the following EXCEPT:
Respuesta
  • Perception of sustained threat
  • Chronic activation of HPA axis
  • Acute activation of HPA axis
  • More physiologically dysregulated state at baseline
  • Exaggerated physiological reactivity to fearful stimuli

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
5-HTTLPR [blank_start]short[blank_end]-allele carriers are highly sensitive to environmental threats. Hypervigilance
Respuesta
  • short

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
The following are all forms of obsessive-compulsive disorders:
Respuesta
  • Body dysmorphic disorder - fixated on a part of their body they hate
  • Trichotillomania – hair pulling compulsion and anxiety. A lot with trauma
  • Hoarding Disorder – afraid that they might need something
  • Cookiewinemania - an unnatural obsession with wanting cookies and wine

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
Tourette's Syndrome is a frequent comorbidity of obsessive compulsive disorder
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
The following are all true about OCD DSM-5 criteria
Image:
Ocd1 (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Recurrent obsessive thoughts - Persistent ideas, thoughts, images, impulses that are perceived as intrusive and distressing
  • Compulsive behaviors - Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are meant to reduce stress NOT bring pleasure
  • Time-consuming, cause impairment

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
OCD is real anatomical issue
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 58

Pregunta
In obsessive compulsive disorder there is [blank_start]orbitofrontal[blank_end] cortex overactivity but smaller volume which leads to context-related processing and response inhibition
Respuesta
  • orbitofrontal

Pregunta 59

Pregunta
In obsessive compulsive disorder there is abnormal activity in [blank_start]cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC)[blank_end] feedback loop. These circuits use “direct” (excitatory) or “indirect” (inhibitory) routes from cortex through [blank_start]basal ganglia[blank_end] to [blank_start]thalamus.[blank_end]
Image:
Cstc (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC)
  • basal ganglia
  • thalamus.

Pregunta 60

Pregunta
CSTC or "worry" loop is involved in obsessive compulsive disorder. It includes the [blank_start]basal ganglia[blank_end] which nuclei grouped together based on interconnected roles in movement and cognition. It includes Includes [blank_start]globus pallidus[blank_end], putamen, caudate nucleus. Specifically the striatum Includes [blank_start]putamen[blank_end] and caudate nucleus.
Image:
Worryloop (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • basal ganglia
  • globus pallidus
  • putamen

Pregunta 61

Pregunta
In obsessive compulsive disorder, the CSTC loop receives input to [blank_start]basal ganglia[blank_end] from [blank_start]cortex[blank_end] and [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • basal ganglia
  • cortex
  • thalamus

Pregunta 62

Pregunta
In obsessive compulsive disorder, the CSTC or "worry" loop has two pathways. The "direct" basal ganglia and the "indirect' basal ganglia pathway that are antagonistic to each other
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 63

Pregunta
“Direct” basal ganglia pathway: Direct projections from [blank_start]striatum[blank_end] to [blank_start]globus pallidus[blank_end] Increases [blank_start]excitatory[blank_end] thalamic input to the cortex Turns [blank_start]up[blank_end] motor activity
Image:
Basal Ganglia Md (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • striatum
  • globus pallidus
  • excitatory
  • inhibitory
  • up
  • down

Pregunta 64

Pregunta
The [blank_start]"direct"[blank_end] basal ganglia pathway is involved in the activation of tics, compulsions, and obsessions. It is [blank_start]overactive[blank_end] in OCD.
Respuesta
  • "direct"
  • "indirect"
  • overactive
  • underactive

Pregunta 65

Pregunta
“Indirect” basal ganglia pathway has [blank_start]Indirect[blank_end] projections from [blank_start]striatum[blank_end] to [blank_start]globus pallidus[blank_end] [blank_start]Inhibitory[blank_end] effect on [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end] and frontal cortex
Image:
Basal Ganglia Md (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Indirect
  • striatum
  • globus pallidus
  • Inhibitory
  • excitatory
  • thalamus
  • hippocampus

Pregunta 66

Pregunta
"Direct" basal ganglia pathway is the "gas" and the "indirect" basal ganglia is the brake when it comes to motor activity
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 67

Pregunta
OCD occurs when delicate balance between inhibition and excitation of basal ganglia pathway is disrupted
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 68

Pregunta
Neuroanatomy of OCD involves Increased activity in CSTC circuit running from [blank_start]frontal cortex[blank_end] to [blank_start]striatum[blank_end] to [blank_start]globus pallidus[blank_end] to [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end] and back to [blank_start]cortex[blank_end]
Image:
Circuits (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • frontal cortex
  • striatum
  • globus pallidus
  • thalamus
  • cortex

Pregunta 69

Pregunta
In OCD, there is increased Increased activity in prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and [blank_start]amygdala[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • amygdala

Pregunta 70

Pregunta
What is the treatment for OCD
Respuesta
  • Surgical intervention where the CSTC loop is cut off via a cingulotomy. This disrupts the transmission from the frontal cortex
  • Very aggressive and high doses of SSRI
  • Talking common sense into the patient and telling the patient that the fears aren't real

Pregunta 71

Pregunta
Serotonin, dopamine and glutamate are involved in OCD. There are [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] serotonin transporters in midbrain. There is [blank_start]increased[blank_end] dopamine. There is [blank_start]increased[blank_end] glutamate.
Respuesta
  • reduced
  • increased
  • increased
  • decreased
  • increased
  • decreased

Pregunta 72

Pregunta
Considering what we know about 5HT, DA, and Glu in OCD, which drugs are most effective
Respuesta
  • 5HT drugs
  • DA antagonists
  • Antipsychotics
  • Stimulants

Pregunta 73

Pregunta
A patient with OCD will be in a hyperglutamatergic state in prefrontal regions and have elevated glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 74

Pregunta
An [blank_start]earlier[blank_end] onset of OCD is indicative of a higher risk of heritability
Respuesta
  • earlier
  • later

Pregunta 75

Pregunta
Of the following comorbidities with seen OCD, which has the highest incidence of PTSD
Respuesta
  • TBI
  • Substance abuse disorders
  • Depression and anxiety disorders

Pregunta 76

Pregunta
DSM 5 criteria for PTSD involve exposure to [blank_start]trauma[blank_end], [blank_start]re-experiencing,[blank_end] [blank_start]avoidance[blank_end], [blank_start]negative alterations in mood/cognition[blank_end], and [blank_start]increased arousal.[blank_end]
Respuesta
  • trauma
  • re-experiencing,
  • avoidance
  • negative alterations in mood/cognition
  • increased arousal.

Pregunta 77

Pregunta
The neuroanatomy of the PTSD involves: [blank_start]Reduced[blank_end] volume of hippocampus and frontal cortex Amygdala [blank_start]hyperresponsiveness[blank_end] [blank_start]Decreased[blank_end] activity in PFC
Image:
Ptsd (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • Reduced
  • Increased
  • hyperresponsiveness
  • hyporesponsiveness
  • Decreased
  • Increasedp

Pregunta 78

Pregunta
The following NT are involved in PTSD EXCEPT:
Respuesta
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
  • Glutamate

Pregunta 79

Pregunta
Which drug exhibits inhibitory effects on glutamate transmission and thus is good for PTSD
Respuesta
  • Topiramate
  • Aripiprazole
  • Venlafaxine

Pregunta 80

Pregunta
Glutamate
Respuesta
  • Role in hippocampal-related learning and amygdala- related emotional processing
  • Processing distortion related to inappropriate glutamate signaling
  • Elevated glucose uptake in amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus

Pregunta 81

Pregunta
What medication should you not give to PTSD because of the unremitting elevation in NE in the CSF of patients with PTSD?
Respuesta
  • Bupropion
  • Citalopram
  • Venlafaxine
  • Fluoxetine

Pregunta 82

Pregunta
In PTSD, patients have a [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] cortisol concentrations and a/n [blank_start]flattened[blank_end] cortisol slope
Respuesta
  • decreased
  • increased
  • flattened
  • elevated

Pregunta 83

Pregunta
Treatment for anxiety disorders include:
Respuesta
  • SSRI
  • NDRI
  • BZ
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Antipsychotics
  • CBT
  • Mindfulness based stress reduction
  • EMDR

Pregunta 84

Pregunta
MOA of BZ in anxiety involves BZ [blank_start]increasing[blank_end] the efficiency of GABA to [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] the excitability of neurons. BZ bind to the y sub-unit of the [blank_start]GABA-A[blank_end] receptor. Binding causes a structural modification of the receptor that results in an increasein GABA-A activity. The result is an [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in the frequency of the [blank_start]Cl-[blank_end] channel (making the cell more negative) and [blank_start]inhibiting[blank_end] the action potential.
Image:
Benzo1 (1) (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
  • increasing
  • decrease
  • GABA-A
  • increase
  • Cl-
  • inhibiting

Pregunta 85

Pregunta
Chronic/prolonged stress = repeated/sustained HPA axis activation which causes: [blank_start]Musculoskeletal:[blank_end] Chronic muscle tension, tension headaches, migraines [blank_start]Respiratory:[blank_end] Exacerbation of existing conditions (asthma, emphysema, etc.) [blank_start]Cardiovascular:[blank_end] Increased risk of heart attack, hypertension, stroke [blank_start]Endocrine:[blank_end] Increased risk of diabetes in vulnerable populations [blank_start]Gastrointestinal:[blank_end] Acid reflux, ulcers, diarrhea, constipation, nausea/vomiting Reproductive: [blank_start]Male:[blank_end] Impaired testosterone production and sperm maturation, impotence [blank_start]Female:[blank_end] Irregular menstrual cycles, impaired sexual desire
Respuesta
  • Musculoskeletal:
  • Respiratory:
  • Cardiovascular:
  • Endocrine:
  • Gastrointestinal:
  • Male:
  • Female:
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