13273057
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
CO2 is produced through which of the following metabolic pathways?
Respuesta
-
Glycolysis
-
Citric Acid Cycle
-
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
-
Only B and C are correct
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
CO2 is produced through which of the following metabolic pathways?
Respuesta
-
Glycolysis
-
Citric Acid Cycle
-
Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
-
All of the above.
-
Only B and C are correct
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
___________ is the primary substrate for ATP production.
Respuesta
-
Amino acids.
-
Fatty acids.
-
Glucose.
-
Fructose.
-
None of the above.
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The energy in ATP is released during _______?
Respuesta
-
The addition of an inorganic phosphate group to ADP.
-
The hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate group of ATP.
-
Catabolic reactions.
-
The electron transport system.
-
All of the above.
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
The majority of body fluid is found within the _______.
Respuesta
-
Interstitial fluid.
-
Blood plasma.
-
Intracellular fluid.
-
Extracellular fluid.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Gastrointestinal tract performs:
Respuesta
-
Digestion.
-
Absorption.
-
Secretion.
-
Motility.
-
All of the above.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which of the following is not used to digest proteins?
Respuesta
-
Trypsin.
-
chymotrypsin.
-
pepsin.
-
amylase.
-
All of the above are used to digest proteins.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Secretions from the liver are stored in the ______ until food has been ingested.
Respuesta
-
Pancreas.
-
Small intestine.
-
Large intestine.
-
Gall bladder.
-
Spleen.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Gastric acid (HCL aka stomach acid) is produced by ________ cells of the stomach.
Respuesta
-
Parietal Cells
-
Chief cells.
-
D cells.
-
G cells.
-
Mucous neck cells.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Long-term regulation of food intake can be achieved by?
Respuesta
-
Ghrelin
-
Pancreatic peptide
-
Peptide YY
-
Oxyntomodulin
-
Leptin
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
The storage of which of the following nutrients cause(s) water retention in the body?
Respuesta
-
Carbohydrates
-
Proteins
-
Triglycerides
-
Only A and B.
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Short-term regulation of food intake can be achieved by?
Respuesta
-
Ghrelin
-
Pancreatic peptide
-
Peptide YY
-
Oxyntomodulin
-
All of the above
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
In the absence of O2, energy in the form of ATP is primarily produced by ______.
Respuesta
-
Glycolysis
-
The citric acid cycle
-
The electron transport chain
-
The conversion of pyruvate to lactate
-
All of the above.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Which of the following would be expected to increase the rate of chemical reaction?
Respuesta
-
Increasing the activation energy
-
Decreasing amount of reactions available
-
Increasing the amount of products
-
Decreasing activation energy
-
None of the above
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Which of the following statements about enzymes is incorrect?
Respuesta
-
The activity of an enzyme can be regulated by factors present within a cell.
-
Most enzymes in humans have an optimal activity near the body's internal pH.
-
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
-
All enzymes are produced in active form.
-
All of the above statements are correct.
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Facilitated diffusion uses ______ to move molecules across the plasma membrane.
Respuesta
-
Enzymes
-
Carrier protiens
-
Electron shuttles.
-
Structural proteins.
-
None of the above.
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The majority of digestion occurs within the ______.
Respuesta
-
Stomach.
-
Small intestine.
-
Large intestines.
-
Esophagus.
-
Mouth.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Which of the following types of carbohydrates can be absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells?
Respuesta
-
Polysaccharides
-
Trisaccharides
-
Disaccharides
-
Monosaccharides
-
All of the above
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Bile salts are important for digestion of _______.
Respuesta
-
Carbohydrates.
-
Proteins.
-
Lipids.
-
Amino acids.
-
None of the above.
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
______ refers to the loss of electromagnetic energy within the electromagnetic spectrum?
Respuesta
-
Conduction
-
Convection
-
Evaporation
-
Radiation
-
None of the above
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Sweating utilizes which of the following mechanisms of heat loss?
Respuesta
-
Conduction
-
Convection
-
Evaporation
-
Radiation
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Which of the following transport mechanisms moves molecules against their concentration gradient?
Respuesta
-
Simple diffusion
-
Facilitated diffusion
-
Active transport
-
All of the above
-
None of the above
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Primary active transport functions by taking energy via the hydrolysis of ATP, whereas secondary active transport functions by taking energy from stored ionic concentrations within the cell (aka concentration gradients).
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
______ refers to all chemical reactions that take place within an organism.
Respuesta
-
Catabolism
-
Anabolism
-
Metabolism
-
Digestion
-
Secretion
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall is the?
Respuesta
-
Mucosa
-
Submucosa
-
Muscularis externa
-
Serosa
-
Muscularis intera
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
The myenteric plexus can be found within the
Respuesta
-
Mucosa
-
Submucosa
-
Muscularis externa
-
Serosa
-
Mesentry
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Which of the following enzymes is produced in the stomach?
Respuesta
-
Gastrin
-
Secretin
-
Trypsin
-
Pepsin
-
Amylase
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Glucagon is produced by the ______ in the pancreas.
Respuesta
-
Alpha cells
-
Beta cells
-
D cells
-
G cells
-
None of the above
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Which of the following nutrients could be used to sustain normal bodily function during months of starvation?
Respuesta
-
Proteins
-
Carbohydrates
-
Lipids
-
All of the above
-
Both A and B
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
______ refers to the transfer of heat between two touching objects
Respuesta
-
Conduction
-
Convection
-
Evaporation
-
Radiation
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Which of the following is not a property of carrier-mediated transport?
Respuesta
-
Specificity.
-
Competition.
-
Saturation.
-
All of the above are properties of carrier mediated transport.
-
Both A and B are not properties of carrier-mediated transport.
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
The maintenance of a stable internal environment is known as ______.
Respuesta
-
Homeostasis.
-
Equilibrium.
-
Osmosis.
-
Disequilibrium.
-
None of the above.
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Which of the following processes is used to move large molecules into a cell?
Respuesta
-
Exocytosis
-
Endocytosis
-
Phagocytosis
-
All of the above
-
Only B and C
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
______ increases blood glucose levels during the fasted state?
Respuesta
-
Glucagon
-
Insulin
-
Leptin
-
Neuropeptide Y
-
None of the above.
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Material present within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract are considered to be external to the body.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Glucagon is secreted by
Respuesta
-
Pancreatic alpha cells
-
Pancreatic beta cells
-
Stomach epithelial cells
-
Intestinal epithelial cells
-
The hypothalamus
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Which one of the following statements about glucose homeostasis is correct?
Respuesta
-
Insulin is secreted in response to a decrease in blood glucose levels.
-
Glucagon is secreted in response to elevated blood glucose levels.
-
Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into tissues.
-
Glucagon promotes the uptake of glucose into tissues .
-
Diabetes melleitus is characterized by prolonged periods of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Which of the following scenarios would be expected to cause weight gain.
Respuesta
-
Decrease in resting metabolic rate
-
Increase in thermic effect of feeding
-
Decrease in food consumption
-
Increase in physical activity
-
None of the above
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Energy metabolism occurs by taking oxygen and various carbon fuels in the form of fat, protein, or carbohydrates and breaking them down into ATP.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
_______ is an anabolic reaction that is fueled by ATP.
Respuesta
-
Cell growth
-
Cell repair
-
Making proteins
-
DNA and RNA synthesis
-
All of the above
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
ATP production occurs through ______.
Respuesta
-
Glycolysis
-
Citric Acid Cycle
-
Beta oxidation
-
Protein Catabolism
-
All of the above
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Substrate level phosphorylation is _______ .
Respuesta
-
direct transfer of a phosphoryl group to ADP or GDP from another phosphorylated compound.
-
the loss of a phosphoryl group from ADP or GDP to a phosphorlyated comound.
-
Doesn't exist biologically.
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
High energy electrons are stripped form macromolecules during glycolysis, CaC, and pyruvate oxidation and sent to undergo beta oxidation for additional ATP production.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
The starting material for glycolysis includes
Respuesta
-
glucose and 2 ATP
-
4 ATP and 2 glucose
-
2 ATP and 2 glucose
-
just glucose
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
The end products of glycolysis include
Respuesta
-
2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
-
2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, 4 NADH
-
2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP, 4 NADH
-
2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 FADH2
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
If oxygen is available, what happens to pyruvate?
Respuesta
-
It enters the mitochondria and is converted into acetycl-CoA
-
It cannot enter the mitochondria and stays within the cytosol
-
It enters the electron transport chain
-
It enters the mitochondrial matrix
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
The citric acid cycle will not take pyruvate on its own - it must be converted to acetyl-CoA to enter the cycle.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Acetyl-CoA = carrying a pyruvate.
Coenzyme A = not carrying a pyruvate.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
When pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA an electron is taken from pyruvate to create an NADH.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
What happens to pyruvate if O2 is not present?
Respuesta
-
It is not shuttled into the mitochondria.
-
It is converted into lactate.
-
It enters the electron transport chain.
-
It is dissolved.
-
Both A and B.
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
In the process of pyruvate oxidation what are processes are involved:
Respuesta
-
Coenzyme A and pyruvate are converted by dehydrogenase into acetyl-CoA
-
Free energy released from pyruvate joins NAD+ to create NADH.
-
CO2 is produced in the production of acetyl-CoA which must be expelled from the cell.
-
All of the above.
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
When pyruvate is converted into lactate is enters the blood and travels to the liver where it breaks down back into pyruvate - next pyruvate is broken into its substrates which form together into a 6-carbon glucose which is put back into the blood for glycolysis.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
What are the end products of one cycle through the citric acid cycle?
Respuesta
-
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 ATP
-
1 NADH, 2 FADH2, 5 CO2, 3 ATP
-
It has to go through twice to get anything.
-
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
In the electron transport chain redox reactions fuel proton pumps that move H+ ions against their concentration gradient which drives ATP synthase within the mitochondrial matrix - this is known as the proton motive force.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Glycogenesis is the breakdown of fructose to create glucose.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Where is glycogen mainly stored?
Respuesta
-
Liver
-
Gall bladder
-
Pancreas
-
Small intestine
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Lipase breaks down triglycerides into
Respuesta
-
3 fatty acids and a glycerol
-
5 fatty acids and a glucose
-
3 fatty acids and a glucose
-
3 fatty acids and a glycogen
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
When lipase breaks down a triglyceride what happens to its substrates?
Respuesta
-
glycerol enters glycolysis and the fatty acids undergo beta oxidation
-
they all enter the blood stream and go to the liver for storage
-
All of the above are possible.
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Beta oxidation takes a fatty acid and breaks it down into 2 carbon acyl groups. These groups are then converted into acetyl-CoA which enters the CaC.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from sugar.
Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from substrates.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
Amino acids, glycerol, and lactate are substrates used to create glucose in glucogenesis and this occurs mainly in the liver.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
What are the functions of the cellular membrane?
Respuesta
-
Structure
-
Communication
-
Physical Isolation
-
Regulation of Exchange
-
All of the above
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
Desmones are cytoskeletal elements (aka keratin filaments) that attached to a proteinaceious plaque on the inner surface of the cell membrane. What do they do?
Respuesta
-
They allow neighbouring cells to be rigidly anchored to one another.
-
They allow for ions to pass through.
-
They prevent ions passing through.
-
They weaken bonds between cells.
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
What do G-protein coupled receptors do?
Respuesta
-
Enable communication across cellular membranes
-
Disable communication across cellular membranes
-
None of the above
-
All of the above
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
What are the four general functions of the digestive system?
Respuesta
-
Absorption, digestion, motility, secretion.
-
Absorption, motility, secretion, endocytosis.
-
Motility, secretion, transportation, exocytosis.
-
None of the above.
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
_____ is the movement of material from the lumen, into the cells, and into the extracellular fluid.
Respuesta
-
Absorption
-
Secretion
-
Digestion
-
Ingestion
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
Digestion is the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
The stomach is made up of the ________
Respuesta
-
Fundus
-
Body
-
Antrum
-
Lumen
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
What makes up the small intestine?
Respuesta
-
Duodenum
-
Ileum
-
Jujenum
-
Secum
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
What are the accessory organs?
Respuesta
-
Liver
-
Gall bladder
-
Pancreas
-
The platypus
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
Which cells neutralize chyme through the secretion of bicarbonate.
Respuesta
-
Epethelial cells
-
Pancreatic duct cells
-
Parietal cells
-
A and B
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
What are the glands responsible for producing saliva within the mouth?
Respuesta
-
Parotid
-
Sublingual
-
Submandibular
-
Cricoid
-
Alveolar
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
The gastric glands are made up of parietal cells, mucous neck cells, and chief cells.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
The jujenum contains specialized structures that help protect the body from micro-organisms in food.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
CCK is secreted to decrease gastric motility and stimulate the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes when _____ is present.
Respuesta
-
Carbohydrates
-
Proteins
-
Lipids
-
Yo momma
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
When _______ is present GIP and GLP-1 are released to stimulate insulin secretion.
Respuesta
-
Carbohydrates
-
Lipids
-
Protein
-
Kittens
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
Secretin
Respuesta
-
Inhibits gastric HCL secretion
-
Inhibits motility
-
Stimulates HCO3 secretion (bicarbonate)
-
All of the above
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
The large intestine can be divided into
Respuesta
-
ascending, descending, and sigmoid colon
-
ascending and descending colon
-
ascending, descending, and freudian colon
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
The hepatic portal vein prevents blood sugar from spiking by manipulating incoming nutrients before they go into circulation.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas?
Respuesta
-
Endocrine; takes materials in from the lumen
-
Exocrine; takes material out into interstitial fluid
-
None of the above
-
All of the above
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
Proteins must be broken down into peptides and amino acids for digestion and absorption.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
Type one diabetes is an autoimmune deficiency that results in the loss of pancreatic beta cells.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
What does protein digestion produce?
Respuesta
-
oligopeptides
-
amino acids
-
lipids
-
oligopeptides and amino acids
-
lipids and amino acids
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
What are lipids absorbed as
Respuesta
-
monoglycerides
-
fatty acids
-
cholesterol
-
None of the above
-
All of the above
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
Lipase and co-lipase are responsible for digesting triglycerides
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
All substrates of lipids are digested within miscelles.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
Chylomicrons are made up of
Respuesta
-
fatty acids
-
monoglycerides
-
fructose
-
sucrose
-
cholesterol
-
some proteins
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
Chylomicrons are excytosed into the blood
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
What is lipemia?
Respuesta
-
when blood serum appears clear after a high protein meal
-
when blood serum appears cloudy after a high fat meal
-
when urine appears clear after a high protein meal
-
when urine appears cloudy after a high fat meal
Pregunta 91
Pregunta
How do chylomicrons enter the blood
Respuesta
-
through the thoracic duct
-
through the portal vein
-
through the aorta
-
none of the above
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