1445453
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last about a day
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
The dominant zeitegeber for land animals is light.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Blind and deaf animals do not have circadian rhythms
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Changes in EEG waves occur when neurons fire in synchrony
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Dreams only occur during REM sleep
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
The regular use of tranquillisers can result in insomnia
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Narcolepsy is a condition characterised by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
In general, animals that have the most total sleep also have the highest percentage of REM sleep
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
If a migratory bird is kept in a laboratory room with constant temperature and 12 hours of light each day, when does it show migratory readiness?
Respuesta
-
At approximately the correct time of year for migration
-
At random intervals throughout the year
-
Steadily at all times
-
Never
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Circadian cycles are to _____ as circannual cycles are to _____.
Respuesta
-
Mating; hibernating
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Daily; yearly
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Light-Dark; temperature
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Endogenous; exogenous
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?
Respuesta
-
Migration
-
Mating
-
Sleep
-
Storage of body fat
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest:
Respuesta
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Mid to late afternoon
-
In the middle of the night
-
About the time of awakening
-
Mid-morning
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Mammals have circadian rhythms:
Respuesta
-
For sleep and body temperature only
-
For a variety of activities, including sleep
-
Only for their sleep/activity cycle
-
Only for frequency of eating and drinking
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What happens if people are put in an environment that is constantly light?
Respuesta
-
They complain that they have difficulty waking up
-
They follow a cycle closer to 28 hours than to 24 hours
-
It does not affect them in any way
-
They complain that they cannot sleep
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
An astronaut orbiting the dart experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45 minutes of darkness. What is likely to happen?
Respuesta
-
They are able to sleep during rest periods
-
They sleep poorly during rest periods
-
The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development
-
They are fully alert during wakeful periods
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
What happens if people live in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is other than 24 hours?
Respuesta
-
They adjust better if the cycle is close to 24 (e.g., 25)
-
They fail to adjust at all
-
Within a few days, they adjust to waking and sleeping on the new schedule, whatever it is
-
They adjust better if the cycle is some multiple of 24 (e.g., 48)
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to:
Respuesta
-
Have them eat a big meal before going to sleep
-
Allow them to catnap
-
Expose them to bright lights while they work
-
Keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the:
Respuesta
-
Lateral hypothalamus
-
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
-
Substantia nigra
-
Caudate nucleus
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:
Respuesta
-
Thalamus
-
Hypothalamus
-
Substantia nigra
-
Caudate nucleus
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to:
Respuesta
-
Generate the circadian rhythm
-
Generate the circannual rhythm
-
Coordinate several biological clocks
-
Feed visual information to the biological clock
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
The input form the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from:
Respuesta
-
Cones and rods equally
-
Rods only
-
Cones only
-
Ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of:
Respuesta
-
Stage 3 and 4
-
REM sleep
-
Alpha wave sleep
-
Stages 1 and 2
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because:
Respuesta
-
Neurons are becoming more desynchronised
-
Blood flow is increasing
-
The EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases
-
Neurons are becoming more synchronised
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
During REM sleep, the EEG shows:
Respuesta
-
Regular, low-voltage slow waves
-
Irregular, low voltage fast waves
-
Regular, high-voltage slow waves
-
Irregular, high-voltage slow waves
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
During sleep, what happens in the brain?
Respuesta
-
Decreased firing by dopamine neurons
-
Increased firing by GABA neurons
-
Cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons
-
Increased firing by dopamine neurons
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
Respuesta
-
Occipital illusions
-
Pseudo-psychedelic visions
-
Hypnagogic hallucinations
-
Idiopathic-hallucinations
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to:
Respuesta
-
Insomnia
-
Periodic limb movement disorder
-
Sleep apnea
-
Narcolepsy
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
According to the evolutionary perspective of sleep, the primary function of sleep is to:
Respuesta
-
Restore body functions that were exhausted during wakefulness
-
Enable the person to re-experience, in dreams, the events of the past
-
Conserve energy
-
Promote brain development
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Research suggests that _____ sleep is the most important for strengthening memories of motor skills
Respuesta
-
Deep
-
REM
-
Stage II
-
Stage I
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
During dreaming, which of the following area(s) continue to be highly active?
Respuesta
-
The areas of the prefrontal cortex that are key to working memory
-
The primary visual cortex and primary auditory cortex
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The hypothalamus, amygdala, and other emotional areas
-
The primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
A free-running rhythm is a rhythm that:
Respuesta
-
Occurs when specific stimuli reset or alter it
-
Occurs when stimuli do not alter it
-
Occurs when stimuli reset or alter it
-
Occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body:
Respuesta
-
Cannot generate biological rhythms
-
Still has rhythms in synchrony with environmental patterns of light and dark
-
Still has rhythms, but they are less consistent
-
Still has rhythms, but they can only be reset by artificial light
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to:
Respuesta
-
Coordinate several biological clocks
-
Feed visual information to the biological clock
-
Generate the circadian rhythm
-
Generate circannual rhythms
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
The retinohypothalamic pathway receives input from the:
Respuesta
-
Retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to light
-
Occipital cortex
-
SCN
-
LGN
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
When do secretions of melatonin begin?
Respuesta
-
Just before a person wakes
-
When body temperature is at its lowest
-
When body temperature is at its highest
-
A couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?
Respuesta
-
NREM sleep
-
Nightmares
-
Relaxed wakefulness
-
Periods of great excitement
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
What are symptoms of paradoxical sleep?
Respuesta
-
Alpha waves
-
Stages 1 and 2
-
Stages 3 and 4
-
REM sleep
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
The _____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain
Respuesta
-
Reticular formation
-
Tectum
-
Tegmentum
-
Thalamus
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases:
Respuesta
-
Norepinephrine
-
Acetylcholine
-
Dopamine
-
Serotonin
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
REM sleep is associated with:
Respuesta
-
Tension and activity of the postural muscles
-
PGO waves in the brain
-
A highly synchronised EEG pattern
-
Decreased heart rate
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Sleep apnea is:
Respuesta
-
Involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep
-
Inability to breathe while sleeping
-
Tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day
-
Same as sleep-talking
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
What is narcolepsy?
Respuesta
-
Sleepwalking
-
The inability to breathe while sleeping
-
Involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping
-
Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus called the:
Respuesta
-
a. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
-
b. Superior colliculus
-
c. Substantia nigra
-
d. Inferior colliculus
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Which stage of sleep involves sleep spindles, K-complexes and bursts of 12-14 Hz waves
Respuesta
-
a. Stage 1
-
b. Stage 2
-
c. Stages 3 & 4
-
d. REM sleep
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Which of the following are possible reasons for why we sleep FALSE?
Respuesta
-
a. To save energy
-
b. To improve memory
-
c. To make sense of the world
-
d. To help us predict the future
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