16370068
Descripción
Test por Lukas Paulun, actualizado hace más de 1 año
|
Creado por Lukas Paulun
hace más de 5 años
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|
Pregunta 1
Respuesta
-
ectoderm
-
mesoderm
-
endoderm
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
The neural [blank_start]plate[blank_end] buckles at its midline to form the neural [blank_start]groove[blank_end] which folds and forms the neural [blank_start]tube[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
plate
-
groove
-
tube
Pregunta 3
Respuesta
-
medial hinge point
-
dorsolateral hinge point
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The neural tube lies over the [blank_start]notochord[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
notochord
Pregunta 5
Respuesta
-
Proencephalon
-
Mesencephalon
-
Rhombencephalon
-
Telencephalon
-
Diencephalon
-
Mesencephalon (five-vesicle stage)
-
Metencephalon
-
Myelencephalon
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Secondary neurolation refers to the development of [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] parts. Tubes from both primary and secondary neurulation [blank_start]eventually connect[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
posterior
-
anterior
-
eventually connect
-
remain separated
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
BMP: [blank_start]Bone morphogenetic proteins[blank_end]
FGF: [blank_start]Fibroplast growth factors[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Bone morphogenetic proteins
-
Fibroplast growth factors
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
BMP4 signal induces [blank_start]epidermal[blank_end] differentiation.
[blank_start]Inhibition[blank_end] of BMP is necessary to allow neural development.
These processes are combined with signalling from [blank_start]FGF[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
epidermal
-
neural
-
Inhibition
-
Expression
-
FGF
-
G-proteins
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Sonic hedgehog is secreted by the [blank_start]notochord[blank_end] and the [blank_start]floor[blank_end] plate.
Respuesta
-
notochord
-
ectoderm
-
floor
-
roof
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Signals from the notochord induce the [blank_start]floor plate[blank_end] which induces [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] neurons.
Signals from ectoderm induce the [blank_start]roof plate[blank_end] which induces [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] neurons.
Respuesta
-
floor plate
-
roof plate
-
ventral
-
dorsal
-
rostral
-
caudal
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Differences in the concentration of sonic hedgehog (a single protein) can determine the fate of multiple neuronal classes in the [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] part of the neural tube.
In a first step a ventral-to-dorsal Shh gradient [blank_start]activates and represses[blank_end] different transcription factors.
These [blank_start]repress[blank_end] each other's expression to confer cell identity to progenitor cells unambiguously.
Five cardinal progenitor domains are established:
Four types of [blank_start]interneurons[blank_end] (V0 - V3) and [blank_start]motor neurons[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
ventral
-
dorsal
-
caudal
-
rostral
-
activates and represses
-
activates
-
represses
-
repress
-
enhance
-
interneurons
-
sensory neurons
-
motor neurons
-
sensory neurons
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
The dorsal neural tube is patterned by [blank_start]BMP[blank_end] and dorsalin.
Respuesta
-
BMP
-
FGF
-
Shh
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Inhibition of [blank_start]Wnt[blank_end] activity is required for the formation of rostral CNS structure, such as the forebrain.
This is done via [blank_start]frzb[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
Wnt
-
frzb
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Which transcription factors are expressed at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary?
Top of the picture is anterior (rostral).
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
-
Otx2
-
Gbx2
Pregunta 15
Respuesta
-
BMP
-
Wnt
-
Shh
-
FGF8
-
FGF4
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Overexpression of Gbx2 shifts the midbrain-hindbrain boundary [blank_start]anteriorly[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
anteriorly
-
posteriorly
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Cells form the zona limitans intrathalamica secrete [blank_start]Shh[blank_end] which gives rise to the nuclei of the thalamus.
Respuesta
-
Shh
-
BMP
-
Wnt
-
FGF
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The functional and morphological segments of the hindbrain are called [blank_start]rhombomeres[blank_end]. There are [blank_start]eight[blank_end] of them (write digit).
Respuesta
-
rhombomeres
-
8
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
The major class of genes that specifies motor neuron subtypes in the hindbrain is the [blank_start]Hox[blank_end] gene family.
Their transcription is incuded or repressed by a gradient of [blank_start]retinoic[blank_end] acid.
Respuesta
-
Hox
-
retinoic
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
[blank_start]Neural progenitors[blank_end] can divide symmetrically to two differentiated cells or two more progenitor cells.
Or they can divide asymmetrically to one differentiated cell and one progenitor cell.
Respuesta
-
Neural progenitors
-
Stem cells
-
Neurons
-
Glia cells
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Delta: [blank_start]Ligand[blank_end]
Notch: [blank_start]Receptor[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Ligand
-
Receptor
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Neurogenesis is the process by which a multitude of [blank_start]postmitotic[blank_end] neurons are generated from [blank_start]relatitvely few[blank_end] neural stem cells / progenitors in the neural [blank_start]epithelium[blank_end].
Neural stem cells are self-renewing and [blank_start]multipotent[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
postmitotic
-
premitotic
-
relatitvely few
-
a large number of
-
epithelium
-
ectoderm
-
endoderm
-
multipotent
-
unipotent
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Neurogenesis needs to balance the [blank_start]proliferation[blank_end] of more stem cells and the commitment to [blank_start]differentiation[blank_end] into neurons or glia cells.
Respuesta
-
proliferation
-
differentiation
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Neuroblast ---[blank_start]asymmetric[blank_end]---> [blank_start]One neuroblast[blank_end] and [blank_start]one Ganglion Mother Cell[blank_end] ---[blank_start]symmetric[blank_end]---> [blank_start]Two neurons/glia cells or one each[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
asymmetric
-
symmetric
-
One neuroblast
-
Two neuroblasts
-
one Ganglion Mother Cell
-
two Ganglion Mother Cells
-
No neuroblast
-
Two neurons/glia cells or one each
-
Two neurons
-
One neuron and one glia cell
-
One neuron and one GMC
-
asymmetric or symmetric
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Proneural genes give each cell in a group (proneural [blank_start]cluster[blank_end]) [blank_start]the same[blank_end] competence to become a proneuroblast.
[blank_start]Lateral[blank_end] inhibition by delta-notch and a [blank_start]basic helix-loop-helix[blank_end] transcriptional cascade:
More Delta in one cell [blank_start]enhances[blank_end] transcription of suppressor of hairless.
Suppressor of hairless [blank_start]increases[blank_end] transcription of enhancer of split.
Enhancer of split [blank_start]represses[blank_end] achaete-scute.
Achaete-scute would increases expression of Delta but now does not.
Therefore no Notch signalling in the original cell.
Respuesta
-
cluster
-
group
-
array
-
the same
-
a different
-
Lateral
-
Forward
-
basic helix-loop-helix
-
basic loop-helix-loop
-
enhances
-
reduces
-
increases
-
decreases
-
represses
-
enhances
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Proneural genes...
Respuesta
-
control the cell cycle exit.
-
control neuronal differentiation.
-
contribute to specification of different neuronal subtypes.
-
suppress alternate glia fates.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
In [blank_start]insects[blank_end], the neurogenic pathway specifies neuroblasts, in [blank_start]vertebrates[blank_end] neurons are directly specified
Respuesta
-
insects
-
vertebrates
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Neuron production in the neural tube is related to changes in division pattern over time: symmetric versus asymmetric divisions.
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
-
Symmetric proliferation
-
Asymmetric generation
-
Symmetric generation
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
In the neural tube:
[blank_start]Apical[blank_end] stem cells at the [blank_start]ventricle[blank_end] [blank_start]proliferate[blank_end].
[blank_start]Basal[blank_end] cells at the [blank_start]pia[blank_end] [blank_start]differentiate[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
Apical
-
Basal
-
proliferate
-
differentiate
-
ventricle
-
pia
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
One important mechanism in the asymmetric divison of neuroblasts is the distribution of the protein [blank_start]numb[blank_end] which suppresses Notch signalling.
After cell division only the [blank_start]GMC[blank_end] (GMC or neuroblast) will contain [blank_start]numb[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
numb
-
GMC
-
numb
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Neurogenesis:
1) [blank_start]Subventricular zone[blank_end] of the striatum. The neuroblasts migrate to the [blank_start]olfactory bulb[blank_end] via the [blank_start]rostral migratory stream[blank_end].
2) [blank_start]Dentate gyrus[blank_end] of the hippocampus. Controversial in adult humans.
Respuesta
-
Subventricular zone
-
olfactory bulb
-
rostral migratory stream
-
Dentate gyrus
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
In the subventricular zone [blank_start]stem cell niche cells[blank_end] regulate whether stem cells proliferate or divide [blank_start]asymmetrically[blank_end] (with one differentiating daughter cell) .
This mechanism is regulated by [blank_start]signals from the blood vessels[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
stem cell niche cells
-
transcription factors
-
basic helix-loop-helix cascades
-
asymmetrically
-
symmetrically
-
signals from the blood vessels
-
transcription factors
-
basic helix-loop-helix cascades
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Characteristics that have to be specified during cell development
Respuesta
-
Morphology of soma, dendrites, axon
-
Neurotransmitter phenotype
-
Receptor phenotype
-
Axonal projection phenotype
-
Electrical phenotype
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Regional complexity of different neurons is achieved by
Respuesta
-
local patterning.
-
local patterning followed by radial and tangential migration of precursors.
-
radial and tangential migration routes.
-
local patterning followed by radial migration of precursors.
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
The growth cone is
Respuesta
-
a sensory structure that receives directional cues from its environment.
-
a motor structure whose activity drives axon elongation.
Pregunta 36
Respuesta
-
Lamellipodia
-
Filopodia
-
Central core
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Filopodia
Respuesta
-
are highly motile.
-
can only sense the environment close to the growth cone.
-
contain actin filaments.
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Filopodia sense long-range cues [blank_start]chemically[blank_end] and short-range cues [blank_start]through contact[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
chemically
-
through contact
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
The reaction of filopodia to intracellular regulatory proteins (attraction or repulsion)
Respuesta
-
Attraction/repulsion can be different for one regulatory protein depending on the receptor type in the filopodia.
-
Attraction/repulsion can be different for one regulatory protein whether the filopodia are located on axons and on dendrites.
-
Attraction/repulsion is always the same for one type of regulatory protein.
-
Different regulatory proteins are responsible for the growth of axons and dendrites.
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
A good example for intracellular regulatory proteins that guide the growth of axons and can be both attracting and repelling are [blank_start]Netrins[blank_end].
They occur in particular at the [blank_start]floor plate[blank_end] of the neural tube and filopodia can have different receptors for them.
Respuesta
-
floor plate
-
roof plate
-
Netrins
-
Semaphorins
-
Ephrins
-
Cadherins
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Retinal ganglion axons from the posterior (temporal) hemiretina project into the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] developing tectum. Conversely, axons from the anterior (nasal) hemiretina project into the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] tectum.
Axons from explants of posterior retina row [blank_start]only on fragments[blank_end] [blank_start]from anterior tectal membrane[blank_end] while axons from anterior retina grow [blank_start]on both[blank_end] [blank_start]anterior and posterior tectal membrane[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
anterior
-
posterior
-
only on fragments
-
from anterior tectal membrane
-
from posterior tectal membrane
-
anterior and posterior tectal membrane
-
on both
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Gradients of [blank_start]Eph[blank_end] receptors and [blank_start]Ephrin[blank_end] ligands are responsible for the retinotopic organization of the tectum.
Their cues are [blank_start]inhibitory / repelling[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
Eph
-
Ephrin
-
Netrin
-
Net
-
Ephrin
-
Eph
-
Netrin
-
Net
-
inhibitory / repelling
-
excitatory / attracting
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Every vertebrate brain has the same regions and only the nuclei are different.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
The CNS forms from cells located on the dorsal side of the [blank_start]animal[blank_end] cap of the [blank_start]gastrula[blank_end] embryo.
Respuesta
-
animal
-
gastrula
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Three BMP inhibitors (alphabetic):
[blank_start]Chordin[blank_end]
[blank_start]Follistatin[blank_end]
[blank_start]Noggin[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Noggin
-
Follistatin
-
Chordin
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
For neural induction a combination of [blank_start]BMP[blank_end] and [blank_start]FGF[blank_end] signalling is needed.
The inhibition of [blank_start]BMP[blank_end] leads to a loss of inhibition of [blank_start]Zic1[blank_end] expression and [blank_start]FGF[blank_end] signalling induces [blank_start]Zic3[blank_end] expression.
Zic1 and Zic3 are transcription factors.
Respuesta
-
Zic1
-
Zic3
-
BMP
-
FGF
-
BMP
-
FGF
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
In secondary neurolation the [blank_start]medullary[blank_end] cord condenses and later forms cavities. These cavities merge to a single tube.
Respuesta
-
medullary
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
In normal development [blank_start]N-cadherin[blank_end] is seen in the neural plate while [blank_start]E-cadherin[blank_end] is seen on the epidermis.
Respuesta
-
N-cadherin
-
E-cadherin
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Failure of the closure of the neural tube can lead to [blank_start]anencephaly[blank_end] or [blank_start]spina bifida[blank_end] (alphabetic).
Respuesta
-
anencephaly
-
spina bifida
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Sensory neurons are formed from [blank_start]neural crest[blank_end] cells.
Respuesta
-
neural crest
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
The Shh pathway:
Shh [blank_start]inhibits[blank_end] [blank_start]patched[blank_end] protein which [blank_start]inhibits[blank_end] [blank_start]smoothened[blank_end] protein which [blank_start]induces[blank_end] Gli/Ci [blank_start]activators[blank_end].
With Shh there are Gli/Ci [blank_start]activators[blank_end] and without Shh there are Gli/Ci [blank_start]repressors[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
inhibits
-
induces
-
patched
-
smoothened
-
inhibits
-
induces
-
smoothened
-
patched
-
induces
-
inhibits
-
activators
-
repressors
-
activators
-
repressors
-
repressors
-
activators
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
The [blank_start]archenteron[blank_end] roof is responsible for [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] patterns.
If it is transplanted to different locations of the early gastrula [blank_start]two heads emerge[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
archenteron
-
blastocoel
-
blastopore lip
-
anterior
-
posterior
-
two heads emerge
-
more motor neurons emerge
-
two tails emerge
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
One receptor for Wnt is [blank_start]frizzled[blank_end].
Wnt is inhibited by [blank_start]frzb[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
frizzled
-
frzb
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
The forebrain is patterned by [blank_start]absence[blank_end] of Wnt activity.
[blank_start]Increasing[blank_end] Wnt concentration specifies more caudal CNS domains.
Respuesta
-
absence
-
existence
-
Increasing
-
Decreasing
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Rotation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary induces an additional [blank_start]organizer[blank_end] and the development of duplicate [blank_start]mdibrain[blank_end] structures.
Respuesta
-
organizer
-
midbrain
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
The midbrain-hindbrain boundary
Respuesta
-
patterns the midbrain
-
patterns the anterior hindbrain
-
patterns the anterior forebrain
-
controls neuronal differentiation
-
controls proliferation
-
controls morphogenesis
-
establishes polarity in the tectum
-
establishes polarity in the tegmentum
-
helps with axon guidance of the retinotectal projection
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Retinoic acid is responsible for the expression of [blank_start]Hox[blank_end] genes and [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] patterning. Its concentration increases from [blank_start]anterior to posterior[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
Hox
-
Cre
-
Otx
-
Gbx
-
posterior
-
anterior
-
dorsal
-
ventral
-
anterior to posterior
-
posterior to anterior
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
A lack of Notch activity would lead to [blank_start]more[blank_end] neurons.
Respuesta
-
more
-
less
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Stem cells proliferate at the [blank_start]ventricle[blank_end], differentiate a bit more basal and eventually migrate to the [blank_start]marginal[blank_end] layer.
Respuesta
-
marginal
-
ventricle
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Stem cells are proliferating [blank_start]very slowly[blank_end] while progenitors proliferate [blank_start]much faster[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
very slowly
-
very fast
-
much faster
-
much slower
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
[blank_start]Microtubules[blank_end] act as transport pathways for cargo to the central core of the growth cone.
Respuesta
-
Microtubules
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
Three regional organizes (from anterior to posterior):
[blank_start]Anterior neural border[blank_end] (ANB)
[blank_start]Zonal imitans intrathalamica[blank_end] (ZLI)
[blank_start]Midbrain-hindbrain boundary[blank_end] (MHB)
Respuesta
-
Anterior neural border
-
Zona limitans intrathalamica
-
Midbrain-hindbrain boundary
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Neuroblasts and [blank_start]Ganglion Mother Cells[blank_end] are only existent in insects.
In vertebrates the precursors of neurons and glia cells are called [blank_start]Radial Glial Cells[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
Ganglion Mother Cells
-
Radial Glial Cells
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