35301771
Descripción
Test por Esmeralda Espitia, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Esmeralda Espitia
hace más de 2 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
1. Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?
Respuesta
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a. High body surface-to-body size ratio
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b. Slow metabolic rate
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c. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
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d. Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
2. Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?
Respuesta
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a. Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
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b. The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
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c. The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults.
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d. The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
3. A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
Respuesta
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a. Respiratory alkalosis
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b. Metabolic acidosis
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c. Respiratory acidosis
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d. Metabolic alkalosis
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
4. Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?
Respuesta
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a. Osmotic forces
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b. Plasma oncotic pressure
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c. Antidiuretic hormone
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d. Hydrostatic forces
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
5. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
Respuesta
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a. Oncotic pressure
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b. Buffering
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c. Net filtration
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d. Hydrostatic pressure
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
6. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
Respuesta
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a. Capillary hydrostatic
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b. Interstitial hydrostatic
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c. Capillary oncotic
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d. Interstitial oncotic
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
7. At the arterial end of capillaries, why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the interstitial space?
Respuesta
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a. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
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b. Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
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c. Interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
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d. Capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
8. Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
Respuesta
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a. Capillary hydrostatic
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b. Interstitial hydrostatic
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c. Plasma oncotic
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d. Interstitial oncotic
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
9. How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?
Respuesta
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a. Decrease in serum sodium
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b. Increase in plasma osmolality
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c. Increase in glomerular filtration rate
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d. Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
10. Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?
Respuesta
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a. Antidiuretic hormone
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b. Aldosterone
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c. Hydrostatic pressure
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d. Osmotic pressure
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
11. A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?
Respuesta
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a. Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
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b. Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
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c. Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
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d. Decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
12. When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?
Respuesta
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a. Isotonic
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b. Hypertonic
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c. Hypotonic
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d. Normotonic
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
13. Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?
Respuesta
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a. Angiotensin I
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b. Angiotensin II
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c. Aldosterone
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d. Renin
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
14. A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for?
Respuesta
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a. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
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b. Hypersecretion of aldosterone
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c. Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
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d. Excessive diuretic therapy
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
15. A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are caused by what mechanism?
Respuesta
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a. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
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b. High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell.
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c. Low sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows the synapses in the brain.
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d. Low sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
16. What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?
Respuesta
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a. Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
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b. Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium
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c. Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
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d. Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
17. The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
Respuesta
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a. Sodium depletion
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b. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
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c. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
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d. Lymphatic obstruction
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
18. Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?
Respuesta
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a. Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium
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b. Binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
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c. Transports potassium from the blood into the cell along with glucose
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d. Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, inactivating it
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
19. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what?
Respuesta
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a. Intracellular and extracellular Na+
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b. Intracellular and extracellular K+
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c. Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
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d. Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
20. During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Respuesta
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a. Oxygen
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b. Sodium
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c. Potassium
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d. Magnesium
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
21. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hyperkalemia?
Respuesta
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a. Hyperparathyroidism
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b. Vomiting
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c. Renal failure
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d. Hyperaldosteronism
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
22. In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells’ resting membrane potential?
Respuesta
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a. Hypopolarization
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b. Hyperexcitability
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c. Depolarization
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d. Repolarization
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
23. A patient’s chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?
Respuesta
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a. Anxiety leads to Kussmaul respirations and is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
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b. A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
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c. Diabetic ketoacidosis is leading to metabolic acidosis.
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d. More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
24. A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient’s facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?
Respuesta
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a. K+: 2.8 mEq/L
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b. K+: 5.4 mEq/L
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c. Ca++: 8.2 mg/dL
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d. Ca++: 12.9 mg/dL
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
25. A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum- containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?
Respuesta
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a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
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b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
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c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
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d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
26. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority?
Respuesta
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a. Hepatitis
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b. Renal failure
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c. Trauma to the hypothalamus
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d. Pancreatitis
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
27. Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) exist in what ratio?
Respuesta
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a. 20:1
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b. 1:20
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c. 10:2
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d. 10:5
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
28. Where is two thirds of the body’s water found?
Respuesta
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a. Interstitial fluid spaces
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b. Vascular system
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c. Intracellular fluid compartments
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d. Intraocular fluids
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
29. A healthcare professional just administered a large dose of insulin to a patient. Which electrolyte value should the professional monitor as a priority?
Respuesta
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a. Sodium
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b. Potassium
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c. Calcium
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d. Magnesium
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
30. Why does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure result in edema?
Respuesta
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a. Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
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b. Inflammation resulting from an immune response
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c. Blockage within the lymphatic channel system
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d. Sodium and water retention
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
31. A patient’s electrocardiogram (ECG) shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value or assessment would the healthcare professional correlate with this finding?
Respuesta
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a. Positive Chvostek sign
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b. Serum potassium 6.7 mEq/L
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c. Nausea and vomiting
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d. Serum sodium 138 mEq/L
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
1. Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Women
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b. Infants
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c. Men
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d. Obese persons
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e. Older adults
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
2. A patient is admitted to the hospital with dehydration. For which signs or symptoms would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Moist mucous membranes
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b. Weak pulses
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c. Tachycardia
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d. Polyuria
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e. Weight loss
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
3. What are the causes of hypocalcemia? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Repeated blood administration
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b. Pancreatitis
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c. Decreased reabsorption of calcium
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d. Hyperparathyroidism
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e. Kidney stones
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
4. A patient is admitted with hyponatremia. For which clinical manifestations would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Headache
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b. Seizures
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c. Paranoia
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d. Confusion
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e. Lethargy
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
5. A patient has been diagnosed with hypercalcemia. Which manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Diarrhea
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b. Calcium-based kidney stones
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c. ECG showing narrow T waves
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d. Lethargy
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e. Bradycardia
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
6. A patient’s serum potassium level is 2.7 mEq/L. Which clinical manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.
Respuesta
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a. Paralytic ileus
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b. Sinus bradycardia
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c. Atrioventricular block
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d. Dry mucous membranes
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e. Tetany
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
7. A third of the body’s fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include what? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Urine
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b. Intraocular fluids
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c. Lymph
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d. Blood plasma
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e. Sweat
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
8. An imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Weakness of skeletal muscles
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b. Cardiac dysrhythmias
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c. Smooth muscle atony
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d. Visual impairment
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e. Hearing loss
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
9. Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. During childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight.
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b. Gender has no influence on TBW until old age.
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c. Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass.
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d. Estrogen plays a role in female TBW.
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e. Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass.
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
10. The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Parathyroid hormone
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b. Vasopressin
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c. Thyroid hormone
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d. Calcitonin
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e. Vitamin D
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