Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What are qualities of an ideal drug?
Respuesta
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Effectiveness (Elicits response for which it is given)
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Safety (No harmful effects)
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Selectivity (Elicits only response for which it is given)
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Sensitivity (Elicits a response which is different from other responses)
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
The intensity of a drug response is determined by _______________.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
What is NOT part of the nurse's responsibilities regarding patient care and drug administration?
Respuesta
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preadministration assessment
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dosage and administration accuracy
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evaluation and promotion of therapeutic effects
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minimizing adverse effects
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minimizing interactions
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managing toxicity
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making p.m. decisions
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choosing the drug
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Drug discovery can involve which approaches?
Respuesta
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Identification of a new drug target
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Rational drug design based on known structures
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Chemical modification of known molecule
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Screening for biologic activity of large numbers of potential drugs
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Biotechnology and cloning to produce larger peptides and proteins
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Preclinical drug screening involves [blank_start]biological assay[blank_end]s of animal systems to define activity and selectivity of a drug. Pharmacological profiles are also examined, including binding affinity, [blank_start]efficacy[blank_end], and effect of cytochrome P450 enzymes. I a compound is identified as a potentially successful new drug, then it is termed a [blank_start]lead compound[blank_end].
Respuesta
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biological assay
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lead compound
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efficacy
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Match the phase of the FDA approval process in humans to its description.
[blank_start]Phase 2[blank_end] - Drug is studied for the first time in patients with target disease to determine efficacy. Sample size will be in the hundreds.
[blank_start]Phase 3[blank_end] - Evaluation in a sample size of thousands to establish further safety and efficacy.
[blank_start]Phase 1[blank_end] - Safe dosage is established in a small group of 25-50 healthy volunteers.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Five of the six drugs causing deaths in the past several years were painkillers.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Clozapine is a drug that is responsible for both a large number of reported deaths and a large number of adverse events.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Estrogens, insulins, interferon-beta, paroxetine, warfarin, and fentanyl are responsible for a large number of nonfatal adverse events.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
In general, the FDA considers generic drugs unequal to brand-name drugs.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
[blank_start]Pharmacokinetics[blank_end] is described as 'what the body does to the drug,' and involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug. All of these processes require passage of a drug through cell membranes.
[blank_start]Pharmacodynamics[blank_end] is described as 'what the drug does to the body.' This is the effect and mechanism of action of the drug.
Respuesta
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Pharmacodynamics
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Pharmacokinetics
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
A drug's target is usually a __________.
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
A receptor's function is to do what?
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Which phases of pharmacokinetics involve the passage of the drug across membranes?
Respuesta
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Absorption
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Distribution
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Metabolism
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Excretion
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All of the above
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
In order to cross lipid bilayers, drugs must be at least somewhat lipid soluble.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What is the most common way that drugs cross membranes?
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Polar molecules have excellent lipid solubility, and nonpolar molecules have poor lipid solubility.
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
[blank_start]Polar[blank_end] groups include OH, COOH, NH3, and NH2. [blank_start]Nonpolar[blank_end] groups include aromatic ring structures, lines of carbons, and methyl groups.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What is NOT true about ions?
Respuesta
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They have a net electrical charge
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They are unable to cross membranes unless they are very small
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Quaternary ammonium compounds (tubocurarine) have no unshared electrons and have a positive charge at all times
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Quaternary ammonium compounds (tubocurarine) can be given orally
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
[blank_start]Acidic[blank_end] drugs will accumulate in an alkaline compartment, and [blank_start]basic[blank_end] drugs will accumulate in an acidic compartment.
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
ASA has a pKa of 3.5. Where will it accumulate and why?
Respuesta
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In the plasma compartment relative to the stomach, due to ion trapping.
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In the stomach relative to the plasma compartment, due to ion trapping.
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
What kind of drugs will be ion-trapped in the renal ultrafiltrate if the urine pH is lowered by large doses of ascorbic acid, and will this lead to better or worse excretion?
Respuesta
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Basic drugs; better excretion
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Acidic drugs; better excretion
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Acidic drugs; worse excretion
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Basic drugs; worse excretion
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Many drugs of abuse are basic drugs, and large doses of ascorbic acid are often used to improve elimination of these drugs.
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
The rate of transfer of a drug is determined by what?
Respuesta
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Molecular weight and lipid solubility of the molecule.
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Lipid solubility of the molecule only.
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Molecular weight of the molecule only.