E2. _Bioc_Lec1_ CarbMetaAndGlyc

Hexose are [blank_start]6[blank_end] Carbon [blank_start]Carbohydrates[blank_end] and are typically used for energy metabolism. Examples include [blank_start]Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, and Galactos[blank_end]e. Pentose are [blank_start]5[blank_end] carbon carbohydrates and are typically used in [blank_start]larger molecules[blank_end]. Examples include [blank_start]Ribose, Deoxyribose, and NADH[blank_end]. The difference in deoxyribose and ribose is with the [blank_start]H/OH[blank_end] group at the [blank_start]2'[blank_end] location. [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] is more stable than [blank_start]RNA[blank_end]. Stereoisomers- [blank_start]Alpha[blank_end] is when the [blank_start]1'[blank_end] OH group is [blank_start]below[blank_end] the ring, while [blank_start]beta[blank_end] is when the [blank_start]1[blank_end]' OH group is [blank_start]above[blank_end] the ring. This difference has a [blank_start]profound[blank_end] impact on its biological uses and enzyme binding. [blank_start]D and L[blank_end] sugars are enantiomers, which means they are [blank_start]mirror[blank_end] images of each other. Most mammal sugars are in the [blank_start]D[blank_end] configuration, while [blank_start]L[blank_end] sugars are typically found in plants and microorganisms.

Polysaccharides can be used for _____________ in plants and animals

Disaccharides are used for

Beta Glucose linkage is typically seen in

Chitin uses ____ as its main building block

Glycogen uses glucose in what kind of linkage?

Disaccharides can enter the metabolic pathways with no prior modification or cleveage

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into Acetyl-CoA

[blank_start]Glucose[blank_end] is converted into [blank_start]three carbon[blank_end] compounds, coupled with [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] production. Glycolysis occurs in [blank_start]all[blank_end] cells of the body and the reaction occurs exclusively in the [blank_start]cytosol[blank_end].

Glycolysis requires Oxygen to procede

[blank_start]Glycolysis[blank_end] is a sequence of [blank_start]10[blank_end] reactions that convert [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] to [blank_start]pyruvate[blank_end]. This requires an investment of [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] but produces a net [blank_start]gain[blank_end] of [blank_start]2[blank_end] [blank_start]ATP[blank_end]. There is one [blank_start]oxidative[blank_end] step that converts NAD[blank_start]+[blank_end] to NAD[blank_start]H[blank_end].

Glycolysis is a unique reaction chain that is not linked to other biochemical pathways

glucose (6-C; Six Carbon) is broken into:

ALL of the enzymes used in the glycolysis pathway are unique to the forward reaction of glycolysis to pyruvate

Phosofructokinase is NOT a rate limiting setp

The Hexokinase reaction precedes the Glucokinase reaction

GLUCOKINASE is ONLY found in the LIVER and PANCREAS HEXOKINASE is found in ALL OTHER CELLS/TISSUES.

Outside of location, the major difference between Hexokinase and Glucokinase is the fact Glucokinase has a lower affinity for Glucose.

Hexokinase catalyzes the reaction of Glucose to Glucose 1 Phosphate

Glucose gets converted to fructose as a part of glycolysis.

Phospofructokinase catalyzes the reaction of Fructose 6 phosphate to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Aldose catalyzes the reaction of [blank_start]Fructose 1,6,bisphosphate[blank_end] into [blank_start]two[blank_end] [blank_start]products[blank_end]

Aldose cleave Glucose 1,6 bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate gets directly converted to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

NADH is produced by which enzyme, which also requires Mg as a cofactor

Which of the following enzymes (or their associated rxns) require Mg?

In Anaerobic conditions NADH is used with pyruvate to generate lactate

It is better to rest completely when fatigued (high lactate levels) from exercise

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to 3 phosphoglycerate produces ATP via [blank_start]substrate level phosphorylation[blank_end]

The major regulatory points are which of the following enzymes

The major regulatory points are all reversible reactions using the same enzyme.

Pyruvate kinase catalyze the forward and reverse reaction from phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, and also generates one atp molecule

Which enzyme is the RATE LIMITING STEP

Phosphofructokinase responds to

What is the effect of F-2,6-BP on phosphofructokinase activity on the graph [Velocity (Y) vs concentration of F6P (x)]

Fructose 2, 6 Bis Phosphate is produced by Glycolysis

Pyruvate Kinase is phosphorylated to make it more active

Phosphorlyation of PK is downregulated by low blood glucose levels.

Pyruvate [blank_start]Kinase[blank_end] is upregulated by [blank_start]Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate[blank_end] and downregulated by [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] and [blank_start]Alanine[blank_end]

Summary Slide! [blank_start]Glycolysis[blank_end] is the conversion of [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] to [blank_start]pyruvate[blank_end] with [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] and NAD[blank_start]H[blank_end] production. Glycolysis is critical for brain and erythrocyte [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end] and [blank_start]exercising[blank_end] muscles. [blank_start]Hexokinase[blank_end], [blank_start]phophofructokinase-1[blank_end], and [blank_start]pyruvate kinase[blank_end] catalyze key [blank_start]irreversible[blank_end] steps in glycolysis. [blank_start]Phosphofructokinase-1[blank_end] catalyzed the [blank_start]rate limiting step[blank_end] and is [blank_start]regulated[blank_end] by levels of [blank_start]fructose 26 bisphosphate[blank_end]. [blank_start]Pyruvate kinase[blank_end] is a site of secondary [blank_start]regulation[blank_end]. it undergoes [blank_start]phosphorylation[blank_end] to make it [blank_start]inactive[blank_end]. Under [blank_start]anaerobic[blank_end] conditions NAD[blank_start]+[blank_end] is regenerated by conversion of [blank_start]pyruvate[blank_end] to [blank_start]lactate[blank_end].

According to the video from slide 16, Glycolysis can be thought of in 3 different phases. 1) Energy [blank_start]Investment[blank_end] (steps [blank_start]1[blank_end] to [blank_start]3[blank_end]) 2). Glucose [blank_start]Split[blank_end] (steps [blank_start]4[blank_end] to [blank_start]5[blank_end]) 3). Energy [blank_start]Released[blank_end] (steps [blank_start]6[blank_end] to [blank_start]10[blank_end])

[blank_start]Glucose[blank_end] sensing is conducted by the [blank_start]pancreatic beta cells[blank_end]. They require glucose [blank_start]uptake[blank_end] via the [blank_start]GLUT2[blank_end] transport protein, and its [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end] via the [blank_start]glycolytic[blank_end] pathway.

The pancreas uses hexokinase not glucokinase

To sense the levels of glucose in the blood, Pancreatic Beta cells uptake glucose via GLUT2, where it is then processed into ATP (VIa glycolysis, the TCA and Phos Ox). The ATP levels rise and open and K channel which allows an influx of K, triggering membrane depolarization. This then triggers a Voltage dependent Calcium channel to close allowing an influx of Ca into the cell which triggers the release (exocytosis) of insulin filled vesicles.

A defect in the gene coding for which enzyme of glycolysis has been linked to early onset diabetes (T-2)

Just seeing food can trigger the release of insulin via the parasympathetic nervous system

Which cycle converts converts lactate back into glucose via glucoenogensis?

The alanine cycle recyles alanine produced by glucose metabolism to pyruvate and alanine. This cycle occurs exclusively in muscle cells and converts alanine back into glucose via pyruvate and gluconeogensis.

DISEASE QUESTION PLACEHOLDER

Label the substrates/products, enzymes, and net reaction. Use Tags labeled with the prefix "R: " for the net reaction box in the bottom right. If the molecule is used multiple times, is the lowest suffix (ie_1) first.