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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Empiricists saw newborns as:
Respuesta
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Tabula rasa
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Innately born with traits and characteristics
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Shaped by their parents' traits and characteristics
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Yet to be shaped by the social environment that they would live in
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Empiricists believe that children learn their behaviours, traits and characteristics, and don't inherit them. Is this true or false?
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Nativists saw newborns as:
Respuesta
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Tabula rasa
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Innately born with traits and characteristics
-
Yet to be shaped by the social environment in which they will live
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Born with the traits and characteristics from their parents
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
For infant children in their early perceptual development, sensation is:
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Exploring themselves and their environment with their senses
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Exploring their own emotions and sensations from what they feel
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Understanding how objects exist and the sensations that they get from interacting with them
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All of the above
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None of the above
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
For infant children in their perceptual development, perception is:
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Interpretation through their brain's sensory input
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What they see and can do with themselves to interact with it
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Understanding the world that they inhabit
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for an infant's sensory processing?
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Frontal
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Parietal
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Occipital
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Temporal
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
When are infants' vision the least developed?
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At birth
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At 2 months old
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At 6 months old
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At 12 months old
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At 18 months old
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
According to Fantz (1961) infants prefer:
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Patterned shapes
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Unpatterned shapes
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Both
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Neither
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
According to Fantz, infants prefer:
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Symmetrical lines
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Assymetrical lines
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
According to Fantz (1961), infants prefer:
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Curved lines
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Straight lines
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Both
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Neither
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Neonates can differentiate between different types of patterns. Is this true or false?
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Habituation is when an infant stares at an object for a period of time. When they are bored, they look away. Is this true or false?
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
How long does it take for newborns to habituate to new stimuli?
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Less than a minute
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Between one and two minutes
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Two minutes
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Several minutes
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
When infants reach around 4 or 5 months, their information processing reduces by how much?
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10 seconds
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20 seconds
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30 seconds
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1 minute
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2 minutes
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Why do newborns take longer, at 2 months old, to habituate?
Respuesta
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Because they are cognitively slower than they have ever been
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Because they are more easily distracted
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Because there is less novelty about the stimuli that they are presented with
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Their visual processing has improved significantly and there is more information to process
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
In operant conditioning, reinforcement [blank_start]increases the chances of[blank_end] behavioural recurrence. Punishment [blank_start]reduces the chances of[blank_end] behavioural recurrence.
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-
increases the chances of
-
decreases the chances of
-
reduces the chances of
-
improves the chances of
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Rovee-Collier (1999) attached a mobile ribbon to a 3-month old baby's ankle during her research experiment. The baby quickly found out that by repeatedly kicking, the mobile would move.
What does this say about operant conditioning?
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Infants understand operant conditioning before they are 6 months old. By kicking, it shows that, in context-dependent situations, they can perform behaviours relative to previous events
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Her findings were inconclusive as they were too often found to be shown in some infants, but not in others
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Infants still need a few more months before they can understand behaviours related to operant conditioning. Even when the baby kicked the first time, it didn't necessarily correlate to activating the mobile, context-dependent or otherwise
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None of the above
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Rovee-Collier's (1999) research showed that:
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Babies can learn through their own behaviour quickly the consequences of their actions
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Some babies can learn through their own behaviour quickly the consequences of their actions
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Very few babies can obtain the understanding of operant conditioning as quickly as others, takes a longer time
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She didn't find anything significant
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Which of the following areas of the eyes in babies is the least developed as they grow?
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Fovea
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Cone cells
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Retina
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Optic nerve
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All of the above
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
At what point do infants obtain vision comparable to adults?
Respuesta
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Before 6 months old
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Before 12 months old
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At 2 years old
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At 3 years old
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
In pattern perception, infants only a few weeks old:
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Focus on single, high contrast patterns and features
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Focus on many, high contrast patterns and features
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Focus on single, low contrast patterns and features
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Focus on many, low contrast patterns and features
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
A baby would be able to recognise their mother in their second day of life. However, would they be able to if her face was partially occluded?
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Yes
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No
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
In facial recognition, one-month old infants will naturally focus on:
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Facial edges (e.g. hair, chin)
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Distinctive features (e.g. scars, blemishes)
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All natural facial features
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
In facial recognition, two-month-old infants will have had better contrast sensitivity and ocular-motor control. This means that they now focus on:
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The facial edges (e.g. hair, chin)
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Distinctive features (e.g. scars, blemishes)
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All parts of the face, particularly eyes and mouth
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
At 3 weeks old, an infant's pattern perception:
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Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefer large, simple patterns
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Can detect detail in complex patterns and their internal features
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Can detect patterns, even if boundaries are not present
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Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
At 2 months old, an infant's pattern perception:
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Has poor contrast sensitivity, and prefers large simple patterns
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Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan their internal features
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Can detect boundaries in patterns, even if they are not really present
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Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
At 4 months old, an infant's pattern perception:
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Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefers large, simple patterns
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Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan them for internal features
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Can detect pattern boundaries, even if they are not really present
-
Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
At 12 months old, an infant's pattern perception
Respuesta
-
Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefers large, simple patterns
-
Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan them for internal features
-
Can detect patterns even if the boundaries are not really present
-
Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
A baby is presented with a standard, natural face, and a jumbled face. When the faces are moved across their visual fields, which do they follow longer?
Respuesta
-
The normal face
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The jumbled face
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Why, according to Morton and Johnson, might a baby follow a normal face for longer than one that is jumbled?
Respuesta
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They prefer, attentionally, those that are the same as them (evolutionary perspective)
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They have been habituated to the stimuli for longer
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They are just looking and not really paying too much attention
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They want to know what happens next
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
According to Farroni, Menon and Johnson (2006), what types of faces do babies prefer?
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Faces with a direct gaze, upside-down
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Faces with a direct gaze, the right way up
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Faces looking away, upside down
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Faces looking away, the right way up
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
When presented with a visual cliff, would 6-month-old babies crawl to their mothers?
Respuesta
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Yes
-
No
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
For depth perception, one-month-old babies show sensitivity to:
Respuesta
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Kinetic cues
-
Binocular cues
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Pictorial cues, wariness of height
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
For depth perception, two to three-month-old babies show sensitivity to:
Respuesta
-
Kinetic cues
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Binocular cues
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Pictorial cues, wariness of height
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
For depth perception, five to 12-month-old babies show sensitivity to:
Respuesta
-
Kinetic cues
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Binocular cues
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Pictorial cues, wariness of height
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Size constancy is:
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Perception of a true object's size
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Perception of your own true size
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Perception of the environment around you and its size at any time
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Shape constancy is:
Respuesta
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Perception of an object's true shape
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Perception of your own true shape
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Perception of the shape of the environment
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Slater (2001) found that newborns have an early understanding of size constancy. Is this true or false?
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
At what point do human children stop being at risk of the adverse effects of visual deprivation?
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2-4 years old
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3-5 years old
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4-6 years old
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5-7 years old
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7 years old and above
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Is visual perception in 1-month-old kittens permanent when deprived of light for only a few days? (Crair, Gillespie & Stryker, 1998)
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Yes
-
No
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
If visual deprivation in newborn children is left untreated for the first 6 months of life, the effects are permanent. Is this true or false?
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
When does the critical period of binocular functioning begin for newborns and peak?
Respuesta
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3 months - 1-2 years
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5 months - 1-2 years
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6 months - 1-2 years
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Never
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
In terms of perceptual vision, newborns:
Respuesta
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Can see clearly close-up and across wide ranges
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Cannot see clearly, but can across wide ranges
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Can see clearly close-up, but not across wide ranges
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Cannot see clearly or across wide ranges
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Is infant memory for operant responses context-dependent?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Habituation refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation. Recovery refers to:
Respuesta
-
Even greater reductions in the strength of a response
-
New stimuli (eg, a change in environment) causing for habituated responses to return at a high level
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Is infant learning, when assessed through habituation, context-dependent?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
According to research (Bartocci, et al., 2006; Slater, et al., 2010), do preterm and male babies show intense or relaxed activation of sensorimotor areas in the cerebral cortex?
Respuesta
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Intense
-
Reduced
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
According to research (Axelin, Salanterä & Lehtonen, 2006; Gormaly, et al., 2001), physical touch releases what painkilling chemicals in the brain?
Respuesta
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Endorphins
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Dopamine
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Serotonin
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ACh
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ATP
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Allowing a baby to endure severe pain ________ the nervous system with stress hormones, which can disrupt a child's capacity to handle common everyday stressors (eg, sleep disturbances, feeding problems, difficulty calming down) (Mitchell & Boss, 2002).
Respuesta
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Overwhelms
-
Underwhelms
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
An adult's soft caresses induces infants to be _____ attentive towards an adult's face (Stack & Muir, 1992).
Respuesta
-
more
-
less
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Can babies readily learn to have positive responses to tastes that were previously neutral or negative (eg, bitter-tasting formula substitute to cow's milk that they are allergic to)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Babies show early improvements in vision during their development stages. At 2 months old, they achieve [blank_start]focus and colour vision[blank_end]. At 6 months old they gain [blank_start]acuity, scanning, and tracking[blank_end]. Then, at 6 or 7 months old, they obtain [blank_start]depth perception[blank_end].
Respuesta
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focus and colour vision
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motion
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stereopsis
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acuity, scanning, and tracking
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motion parallax
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binocular disparity
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depth perception
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accommodation
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paralysis
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
There is a development of visual acuity in infants. At [blank_start]3 months old[blank_end], they can detect the contrast in Mickey Mouse's ear. At [blank_start]6 months old[blank_end], they have 20:80 visual acuity. At [blank_start]3 years old[blank_end], they develop full vision.
Respuesta
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3 months old
-
2 months old
-
1 month old
-
6 months old
-
5 months old
-
4 months old
-
3 years old
-
2 years old
-
4 years old
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
As babies grow, cone cells in the retina:
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Elongate
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Shrink
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
At [blank_start]3 weeks old[blank_end], babies have poor contrast sensitivity and prefer large, simple patterns. At [blank_start]2 months old[blank_end], they can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan for internal features of patterns. At [blank_start]4 months old[blank_end], they can detect patterns that may not really be there. And at [blank_start]12 months old[blank_end], they can detect objects even when two-thirds of the image are missing.
Respuesta
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3 weeks old
-
2 weeks old
-
A week old
-
2 months old
-
A month old
-
3 months old
-
4 months old
-
5 months old
-
6 months old
-
12 months old
-
18 months old
-
24 months old
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
At birth, babies are sensitive to [blank_start]kinetic[blank_end] cues. Between 2 and 3 months old, they become sensitive to [blank_start]binocular[blank_end] cues. Finally, as they reach a year old (5 - 12 months), they become sensitive to [blank_start]pictorial[blank_end] cues.
Respuesta
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kinetic
-
binocular
-
pictorial
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
There are three cues that babies attend to in their depth perception development. The first is [blank_start]motion[blank_end]. The second is [blank_start]stereopsis[blank_end]. The third are [blank_start]pictorial[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
motion
-
stereopsis
-
pictorial
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
In the first cue that babies begin to attend, at what point do they understand that 3D objects are not flat?
Respuesta
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A month old
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2 months old
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3 months old
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
According to Campos (et al., 2000), are infants more or less likely to refuse to cross the deep side of a visual cliff?
Respuesta
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More likely to refuse
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Less likely to refuse
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
According to research (Bai & Bertenthal, 1992; Campos, et al., 2000), who is better at remembering object locations and finding hidden objects?
Respuesta
-
Seasoned crawlers
-
Inexperienced crawlers
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
According to Bell and Fox (1996), does crawling promote a new level of brain organisation, as indicated by more organised EEG brainwave activity in the cerebral cortex?
Respuesta
-
Yes, it does
-
No, it does not
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
According to Banks and Ginsburg (1985), contrast refers to:
Respuesta
-
The difference in the amounts of light between adjacent regions in a pattern
-
The similarities of light between adjacent regions in a pattern
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Hatton (et al., 1997) observed infants with visual acuity issues (eg, 20/800) throughout their preschool years. They found that the infants:
Respuesta
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Were far behind their peers in all areas of their development
-
Were much further behind their peers in only perceptual development, but fine everywhere else
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
Research has found infants who have severe visual impairments also struggle with motor exploration and spatial understanding (Levtzion-Korach, et al., 2000). What do they have to rely on?
Respuesta
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Sound
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Parents
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Friends
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
Has research (eg, Preisler, 1991; Bigelow, 2003) found that infants who see poorly also struggle with caregiver interaction? Do they have difficulties reciprocating interactions?
Respuesta
-
Yes, they do
-
No, they do not
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
Some have asserted that infant facial perception is due to a built-in capacity to orient towards members of one's own species (Johnson, 2001; Slater & Quinn, 2001). However, others suggest that this is because:
Respuesta
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They prefer any stimulus in the periphery of their visual field (Cassia, Turati & Simon, 2004)
-
They are socially conditioned to believe that this is what they need to be observing (Jones, et al., 1996)
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
When a baby is 2 months old, they can scan an entire stimulus and combine pattern elements into an organised whole. Because of this, can they recognise (and do they prefer) their mother's face to another woman's, according to Bartrip, Morton, and De Schonen (2001)?
Respuesta
-
Yes, they do
-
No, they do not
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
Do babies prefer their own race according to research (eg, Bar-Haim, et al., 2006; Kelley, et al., 2007)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
Can own-race preferences be erased according to Sangrigoli (et al., 2005)?
Respuesta
-
Yes, they can
-
No, they cannot
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
At first, do infants rely heavily on motion and spatial arrangement to identify objects, according to Jusczyk (et al., 1999) and Spelke and Hermer (1996)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
"As infants become more familiar with many objects and can integrate each object's diverse features into a unified whole, they rely more on shape, colour, and pattern and less on motion (Slater, et al., 2010)" (Berk, 2012, pp. 165). Is this true or false?
Respuesta
-
It's true
-
It's false
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
According to Johnson and Shuwairi (2009) does experience enhance a young infant's predictive eye tracking?
Respuesta
-
Yes, it does
-
No, it does not
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
Novelty prefernece refers to:
Respuesta
-
The tendency to prefer paying attention to new objects or people that have never been seen before
-
The tendency to prefer paying attention to old objects that have been previously used
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
According to Berk (2012), do infants from 4 to 11 months increasingly rely on featural information to detect the identity of an object?
Respuesta
-
Yes, they do
-
No, they do not
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
At first, do infants attend to form (eg, size and shape) and then surface features (eg, pattern, colour) according to Woods and Wilcox (2009)?
Respuesta
-
Yes, they do
-
No, they do not
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
According to Berk (2012), intermodal perception is:
Respuesta
-
Understanding our senses and perceiving them as a whole
-
Understanding our senses, and perceiving them as separate and individual
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
According to Berk (2012), amodal sensory properties are:
Respuesta
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Information that is not specific to a single modality, but overlaps with others
-
Information that is specific to single modality
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
Newborns can recognise visual objects and distinguish them from others (Sann & Streri, 2007). However, do they only require on exposure to learn the association between the sight and sound of a toy, according to Morrongiello, Fenwick, and Chance (1998)?
Respuesta
-
Yes, they do
-
No, they need more
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
According to Bahrick, Hernández-Reif and Flom (2005), are babies biologically primed to focus on amodal information?
Respuesta
-
Yes, they are
-
No, they are not
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
According to Woods and Wilcox (2009), which do children attend to first?
Respuesta
-
Form (eg, size, shape)
-
Surface features (eg, pattern, colour)
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