NMDF211 Nutritional Biochemistry Final Exam Revision

Pregunta	Respuesta
Define a probiotic	The word probiotic means pro life and is defined as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confirm a health benefit on the host.
The most studied probiotics for human use belong to	Lactobaccilus (acidophillus, casei, casei subsp, delbureckii subsp, bulgaricus, parasacei, plantarum, reuteri, rhamnosus, rhamnosus GG, sporogenes), Bificobacterium (animal subsp lactis,breve, longum, longum subsp infantis) or Saccharomyces species (boulardii)
Define microbiome	The microbiota is the set of organisms that share our body space and maybe commensal, symbiots or pathogens. The term microbiome refers exclusively to the genomic content of the microbiota.
Define pre-biotic	Pre-biotics are a group of nutrients that are acted upon and then degraded by gut microbiota
Define gut dysbiosis	The commensal-to-pathogens transition when stressed conditions rapidly decrease microbial diversity and promote the expansion of pathogens.
Define SIBO	SIBO Is defined as the presence of excessive bacteria in the small intestineAnd is implicated as the cause of chronic diarrhoeaAnd malabsorption. SIBO is defined as a bacterial population in the small intestine exceeding 10^5 - 10^6 organisms/ml
The microbiota of vaginally delivered infants has been observed to be enriched with which species of bacteria	Lactobacillus sp
The skin, mouth and gut of children delivered by C-section are colonised by which species of bacteria	Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Propionibacteria
List any four functions of the microbiota in the human body	1. synthesis and metabolism of certain nutrients hormones and vitamins in intestines. 2. provides nutrition for the survival of microorganisms and cytokines that can inhibit the growth of the pathogens 3. Involved in a cross-talk between the gut and brain (gut-brain axis)
What are the health effects of gut dybiosis	Gut microbiome imbalance is now understood to modulate inflammation (colitis, IBS), metabolic conditions (diabetes, overweight), liver function, and mental health (anxiety, depression, epilepsy) and autism spectrum disorderWhat is that it looks dodgyI thought you canAre youReallyDo youHey Jimmy!Collagen supplements can be greatAlthough not so much for AppleConditions are rather than building upIntegrity of The skin,StandingAnti-inflammatory and anti-ageing. It also depends on the brand. I think we spoke about this once before.The best way to taking collagenIs by having buying brassI'm sure that there are brands that great I just don't know of anyThat I can recommendIt's great for overall health, About display oasis and leaky gut conditions
Name 5 biochemical mechanisms/therapeutic actions associated with soluble fibre	1. MOA is fermentation in the colon and changes in gut microflora. 2. Fermentation of polyphenols stimulates short chain fatty acid production 3. Provide fermentable substrates for bacteria in colon 4. Fermentation may release fiber-bound calcium 5. Increase in fecal bulk and shortened transit time
List 3 Health benefits of fibre to humans	1. CVD: Lower cholesterol 2. Diabetes: Improved glycemic control and insulin sensitivity 3. Obesity & weight control: Fiber rich foods have lower energy density and higher volume which can promote satiety
List 3 functions of the liver	1. Storage of nutrients 2. Bile secretion 3. Synthesis of cholesterol 4. Protein metabolism 5. Lipid metabolism 6. Breakdown of ertyhtrocytes
What is largest population of mononuclear cells/macrophages that are located int he liver	Kupffer cells
What is the importance of Kupffer cells to human health	Largest population of macrophages/phagocytes in the human body. Changes in functional activity of KC's contribute to a variety of diseased states ie. chronic inflammation of liver, NAFLD & FLD. Depletion of KCs contributes to dietary induced steatosis and insulin resistance.
What are the 2 main ways in which compounds broken down by the liver are excreted?	Urine & Bile
What are the main group of enzymes involved in phase I detox? What factors affect their optimal function	Cytochrome P450 Influenced by genetics, nutritional status, toxic exposure
Name 3 nutrients that support phase I detox	Copper, magnesium, zinc and Vit C
List 3 substances which lower phase I detox	Curcumin, Capsacain, Naringenin (grapefruit), clove oil
Why might you want to lower phase I detox?	to have balance in both phases and avoid toxic burden on the liver and body. A high amount of chemical exposure leads to an overactive phase I that is not inline with phase II (may be sure to nutrient deficiencies) causing accumulation of free radicals and intermediate metabolites in the body
Name the 6 phase II pathways and 2 nutirent substrates for each	1. Glutathione - methionine and glycine 2. Methylation - methionine and B12, folate 3. Sulfation - methionine, B6, cysteine 4. Acetylation B1, B2, B3, B5 5. Glucoronidation - glucoronic acid & vit C 6. Amino acid conjugation - glycine, arginine, glutamine, taurine
Name 3 amino acid that constitute glutathione	Glutathione is a tripeptide cysteine, glutamine, and glycine
List cofactors and nutrients that are required for glutathione regeneration/anti-oxidative cycle. List the 2 enzymes involved in this process	Enzyme required for oxidation: glutathione peroxidases (GPx) that needs Selenium for its action. ❖ Enzyme required for reduction: Glutathione Reductase: that needs riboflavin and niacin for its reaction to convert glutathione to reduced form. ❖ Vitamin C also replenishes glutathione.
Name any two enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism	Cytochrome P450 Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) Catalase
What important enzyme in the conversion of essential fatty acids to anti-inflammatory mediators may alcohol inhibit	delta-6 desaturase
Which nutrient can reverse alcohol induced fatty liver	Carnitine
Name 5 nutritional considerations to aid alcohol detoxification	1.Increase liver detoxification nutrients especially antioxidants of Phase I 2.Alkalize the body to reduce acidity caused by alcohol 3.Carnitine to facilitate the transportation FAs into mitchondria and liver regeneration 4. Pro & pre biotics for gut flora 5. Fibre to aid toxin removal

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