Tendons and Ligaments

Pregunta	Respuesta
What do tendons join?	Muscle to bone.
What is an enthesis?	A bone-tendon or bone-ligament junction
What do ligaments join? Give an example of a ligament in the body.	Bone to bone - usually two different bones, sometimes 2 join the same one. Example is the anterior cruciate ligament.
What are tendons and ligaments made from?	Dense connective tissues and regularly arranged collagen fibres.
What are the main functions of tendons?	To transfer force from muscle to bone. To link contractile tissue with its target.
What are three other functions of tendons (of the ones that are commonly forgotten)?	Allows muscle belly to be some distance from site of action, enables pull of muscle to be accurately focused, allows length of muscle to be appropriate for movement, reinforce the join capsule, springs, prevent dislocation.
What are some of the functions of ligaments?	Stabilize, limit and guide joint movement, provide attachment for muscle (interosseous membrane), limit allowable movements and prohibit unwanted ones, tie down things such as CT and muscles e.g. aponeurosis.
What are the three specialised regions of tendons and ligaments?	1. Myotendinous junction - muscle-tendon junction 2. Enthesis - bone - ligament/tendon junction 3. Wrap around regions
What is the function of myotendinous junctions?	To transfer form from the muscle to the tendons therefore to the site of action.
What aspect of a myotendinous junction is reduced after immobilisation?	The contact area between the tendon and the muscle?
How can injury be avoided after the limb/tendon has been immobilised for some time?	By slowly increasing exercise during recovery to reduce the change of re-injury.
During what time of contractions at a myotendinous junction are strains likely to occur?	Eccentric contraction
True or false: muscles that cross 2 joins contain many fast twitch fibres.	TRUE.
What are enthesopathies? Give an example.	Pathologies occuring at entheses e.g. tennis elbow
Given an example of a seronegative spondyloarthropathy.	Ankylosing spondylitis - when bone grows from one ligament to another resulting in fusion.
What are the two distinct forms of entheses?	1. fibrocartilage - short bones 2. fibrous - long bones
What is the function of fibrocartilage at an entheses?	It controls bending of fibres and ensure that there is not a hard tissue interface. It also reduces wear and tear at the joint.
What are three further adaptations you can find at an entheses other than fibrocartilage?	Small synovial bursas, sesamoid fibrocartilage on deep surfacse of the tendon and periosteal fibrocartilage on the bone that protects the tendon.
What happens to a tendon in wrap around regions?	They change direction before reaching their final destination often to give a more favourable approach.
True or false: tendons around pulleys are subject to compressive forces as well as tensile ones.	TRUE.
What is Quervains disease?	When tendons of the thumb are affected as they pass beneath the retinaculum.

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