Anna’s out of breath

Anna’s out of breath

1. Anatomy

2. Physiology

   • Lung volumes and capacities
   • Inspiration
   • Expiration

3. Cough

   • Mechanism
   • Types
     • Dry cough
     • Wet cough
     • Croup cough
     • Whooping cough

4. COPD

   • Definition
     • A group of diseases characterized by chronic or recurrent obstruction to the airflow within the lung due to partial or complete obstruction at any level from the trachea to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles
   • Types
     • Chronic bronchitis
       • Persistent productive cough not attributable to other causes on most days for at least 3 months over 2 consecutive years
       • Etiology + RF
         • Smoking
       • Signs and symptoms
         • Productive cough
         • Squamous metaplasia and dysplasia
         • Blue bloaters
     • Emphysema
       • characterized by permanent enlargement (dilatation) of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles (acinus = alveolar ducts + sacs) accompanied by destruction of their walls but without obvious fibrosis
         • Types
           • Centiacinar
           • Panacinar
           • Irregular
         • Pathogensis
           • Protease/Antiprotease
           • Oxidant/Antioxidant
         • Pink Puffers
     • Asthma
       • Chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder characterized by episodic reversible bronchospasm (air flow obstruction) resulting from an exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response to a variety of stimuli.
         • Types
           • Atopic
           • Non-Atopic
         • Signs and symptoms
           • Wheezing
           • Chest tightness
           • SOB (bronchospasm)
       • Management
         • Bronchodilators
           • β2- Agonist Drugs
             • SABA
             • IABA
             • LABA
           • Anticholinergic Drugs
           • Methylxanthines
         • Anti-inflammatory drugs
           • Sodium cromoglycate and Nedocromil sodium
           • Corticosteroids
           • Leukotriene antagonists
     • Bronchiactesis

5. Importance of regular checkups

   • prevention is better than cure
   • Health issues effect one’s everyday life
   • Healthcare providing costs

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