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Bacteria immune response
Descripción
Mapa Mental sobre Bacteria immune response, creado por Hattie Warr el 05/03/2018.
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Mapa Mental por
Hattie Warr
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Creado por
Hattie Warr
hace alrededor de 6 años
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Resumen del Recurso
Bacteria immune response
Breaks epithelial cells
Bacteria enter tissue
PRR bind to PAMPs
PRR - Pattern Recognition Receptors found on surface of macrophages
PAMPs - Pathogen-associated molecular patterns on bacteria
Macrophages
Engulf bacteria
Phagocytosis
Bacteria killed through oxidative burst
Production of reactive oxygen species
Bacteria broken down into little particles
Release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines
Signal to other cells there is an infection
IL-1, TNF-a and CXCL-8
Cytokines
Can be pro or anti-inflammatory
Interleukins
Target leukocytes
Interferons
Have antiviral response
Chemokines
Mediate chemotaxis
Mast cells activated
Mast cells degranulate
Granules released into surrounding tissue
They release enzymes and active components
Have an effect on blood vessels
Blood vessels become leaky
Tight junctions broken down
Blood and interstitial fluid enters tissue
Neutrophils escape blood and enter tissue to fight infection
Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria
PRRs bind to PAMPs
Oxidative burst
Complement proteins drawn into tissue
Opsonise pathogen
Make it more visible to phagocytes
Cell lysis
Form membrane attack complex
Punches hole in pathogen so water enters and it bursts
Cell signalling molecule
Chemotaxis
Draws in neutrophils
Activation
Mast cells
C Reactive Protein (CRP) drawn into tissue
Dendritic cells activated
Phagocytose pathogen
Dendritic cells take pathogen to local lymph node
Dendritic cells talk to T helper cells
T helper cells initiate adaptive immune response
Pathogen on MHC2 molecule recognised by T helper/naive CD4 T cells
CD4 cell activated
Activated by interleukin 2
Proliferation and clonal expansion of CD4 cells
All CD4 cells recognise pathogen
B cells activated
B cells clonally expand
Recognises the antigen and so can fight off pathogen
Some B memory cells produced
Reside in lymph node
Antibodies produced
IgM is produced first
Isotype switching
T helper 2 cells release certain cytokines
Tells B cells which antibodies to produce
Antibdies work to destroy the pathogen
Neutralisation
Prevents toxins from damaging tissue
Prevents pathogens from entering cells
Opsonisation
Highlights pathigen to the phagocyte
Helps phagocytosis
Important for encapsulated bacteria and some viruses
Act as signalling molecules to activate acute inflammation
Cause activation of complement and in turn mast cells
Mast cells release chemical signals that cause inflammation
Antibody mediated cell cytotoxicity
Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells bind to Fc portion of the antibody
Release enzymes for cytotoxic cell
Cause apoptosis of cell
Clear infection and cells involved in fighting it
Back to state of normality
Heal wound
Some T cells become memory T cells
Reside in lymph node
Naive T cells differentiate into different types of T cell
Stimulated by the release of cytokines by dendritic cells
E.g. with bacterial infection, TH2 response is helpful - activates naive B cells to become plasma cells and produce antibodies
Humoral response
Displays parts of pathogen on its surface
On MHC2 proteins
Contain granules
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