Psychological Paradigms / Theoretical Perspectives

Behavioural
1. Who?
  1. John B Watson
    1. Psychology should study only observable behaviour
    2. Nature vs Nurture
  2. Ivan Pavlov
    1. Pavlov's dogs
  3. BF Skinner
    1. Internal mental events could not be studied scientifically
    2. Repeat positive outcomes, not repeat negative/neutral outcomes
    3. Free will is an illusion
2. Effects of the environment on the overt behaviour of humans and animals
3. Only observable events (stimulu-response relations) can be studies scientifically
Wilhelm Wundt
1. First research lab in Germany in 1879
2. Psychology should be the scientific study of conciousness
Structuralism vs Functionalism
1. Structuralism: analyse consciousness into its basic elements: sensations, feelings, images
  1. Edward Titchner
2. Functionalism: investigate the purposes of consciousness
  1. William James
    1. Darwin's theory of natural selection
Psychoanalytic
1. Sigmund Freud
  1. Unconscious: thoughts, memories and desires - influence on behaviour
  2. Personality, motivation and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour and importance of sexuality
2. Carl Jung
3. Alfred Adler
Humanistic
1. Psychoanalytic & Behaviourism was dehumanizing
2. Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals
3. Carl Rogers
  1. Human behaviour is governed primarily by each individuals sense of self or self-concept
4. Abraham Maslow
5. Treatments for psychological problems and disorders
Cognitive
1. Human behaviour cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store and process information
2. Study of cognitive development, language, problem solving
3. Jean Piaget Noam Chomsky Herbert Simon
Applied Psychology
1. Everyday, practical problems
2. Professional services to the public
Clinical Psychology
1. World War II
2. Diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
Biological
1. Roger Sperry
  1. Left and right sides of brain are specialised to handle different mental tasks
2. An organisms functioning can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behaviour
3. James Olds David Hubek Torsten Wiesel
Cultural Diversity
1. Advances in communication, travel and international trade
2. The ethnic makeup of the Western world has become an increasingly diverse multicultural mosiac
Evolutionary
1. Behavioural patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favours behaviours that enhance reproductive success
2. David Buss, Martin Daly, Margo Weilson, Lede Cosmides, John Tooby
Positive Psychology
1. Martin Seligman
  1. Too much time in psychology had been dedicated to pathology, weakness and damage, and ways to heal suffering
2. Uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative and fulfilling aspects of human existence
3. Three areas of interest
  1. Positive subjective experiences (positive emotions)
  2. Positive individual traits (personal strengths and virtues)
  3. Positive institutions and communities

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Psychological Paradigms / Theoretical Perspectives

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