Acidic Environment

Acidic Environment

1. Indicators
1. Classification of common substances
2. Litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange & bromothymol blue
3. Everyday uses of indicators
4. Range of colour changes
5. EXPERIMENT: Prepare & test a natural indicator
6. EXPERIMENT: Classifying household substances
2. Acidic Oxides
1. Oxides of non-metals acting as acids
2. Position of acidic/basic oxides in Periodic Table
3. Le Chatelier's principle
  1. Factors which affect equilibrium
4. Solubility of carbon dioxide in water
5. Natural & industrial sources of SO2 and NOx
  1. Environmental impact
  2. Evidence of increase in acidic oxides in the atmosphere
6. Calculating volume of gases
  1. EXPERIMENT: Decarbonating soft drink
7. Formation & effects of acid rain
3. Acids occur everywhere
1. Acids = proton donors + ionisation of acids in water
2. Acetic, citric, HCl & sulfuric acid
3. Use of pH scale
4. Calculating pH
  1. EXPERIMENT: Use of pH meters
5. Strengths of equal concentrations of acids in terms of degree of ionisation
  1. EXPERIMENT: Calculating pH
6. Difference between strong & weak acid
7. Use of acids as food additives
8. Naturally occurring acids & bases
4. History of acids
1. Lavoisier, Davy & Arrhenius
2. Bronsted-Lowry theory
3. Conjugate acids & bases
4. Salts which form acidic, basic or neutral solutions
  1. EXPERIMENT: Calculating pH of salt solutions
5. Amphiprotic substances
6. Neutralisation = exothermic reaction
7. Correct technique for titrations
  1. EXPERIMENT: Titrations + Preparing standard solutions
8. Effect of buffers
9. Use of neutralisation reactions as a safety measure
5. Esterification
1. Functional groups of alkanol & alkanoic acids
2. Difference in m.p. & b.p. of alkanols & alkanoic acids
3. Esterification = reaction between an acid & alkanol
  1. EXPERIMENT: Prepare an ester
4. Purpose of using acid as a catalyst
5. Need for refluxing
6. Examples of occurrence, production & uses of esters
  1. Uses of esters as flavours & perfumes

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	Creado por Vicky Papadopoulos hace más de 8 años