B6 Beyond the Microscope

Bacteria
1. Bacterial cells are usually smaller and simpler than animal cells
2. Bacteria reproduce by asexual reproduction
  1. It reproduces quickly and you can grow bacteria on an agar plate
3. We can use bacteria to make useful things like yoghurt
Microorganisms and disease
1. Viruses can only reproduce inside living cells
2. Different diseases can be transmitted in different ways
  1. In food
  2. In water
  3. Airborne Droplets
  4. Through Contact
3. Poor sanitation is linked to a high incidence of disease
  1. Poor sanitation is linked with a high incidence of disease
Treating infectious diseases
1. Four stages in infectious disease
  1. Enters the body
    1. Rapidly reproduces
      1. Produces toxins which damages cells
        The toxins cause symptoms and your immune system reacts
2. Antiseptic and antibiotics help control diseases
  1. But bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics
3. Disease spreads rapidly after natural disasters
  1. Natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes can damage infrastructure of an area, and completely disrupt health services. In these conditions disease can spread rapidly among the population
4. Pasteur, Lister and Fleming all improved disease treatment
  1. Paster
    1. Proved that microbes caused disease and not the air
  2. Lister
    1. The first doctor to use antiseptic in surgery
  3. Fleming
    1. Discovered penicillin
Yeast
1. Yeast can respire anaerobically or aerobicly
  1. Fermentation
    1. glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
    2. Used to make beer and wine
2. Yeast growth rates depending on conditions
  1. Temperature
  2. Food
  3. pH
  4. Toxic waste
Biofuels
1. Biomass is living or recently-dead organic material
  1. The energy stored in biomass can be transferd into more useful forms
2. Biogas is made mainly of meathane
  1. This means it is very explosive
3. Biogas can be used as a fuel and is made by anaerobic fermentation of waste materials
  2. It is a renewable source
4. Ethanol can be used as a biofuel
  1. It is a cleaner fuel than petrol or diesel, producing fewer pollutants
Soils
1. Different soils contain different particles
  1. Sandy soils
    1. Made up of large mineral particles
      1. High air content
      2. Very permeable
  2. Clay soils
    1. Made up of tiny particles
      1. Low air content
      2. Low permeability
  3. Loam soils
    1. Mixture of sandy and clay
Life in the soil
1. Soil is full of living things
  1. Herbivores, detritivores and carnivores
2. Soil can only support life if the conditions are spot on
  1. In order for a soil to support life, it must contain water, oxygen and humus
3. Earthworms help keep soil and fertile
  1. They bury leaves where bacteria and fungi can decompose them
  2. Their burrows allow air to enter the soil
  3. The mix up soil layers distributing the nutrients more equally
  4. Soil in earthworm manure is less acidic than the soil they eat. This can help to neutralise soil acidity
Life in water
1. Amoebas regulate water content using contractile vacuoles
  1. Amoebas regulate water with contractile vacuoles which collects the water that diffuses in by osmosis
    1. The vacuole then moves to the cell membrane and contracts to empty the water outside the cell
2. Phytoplankton are microscopic plants
  1. Zooplankton are microscopic animals. Zooplankton feed on phytoplakton
    1. They are the main producers in aquatic food webs so they are very important
3. There are different types of food web in the oceans
4. There are several causes of water pollution
Enzymes in Action
1. Enzymes are use in...
  1. Biological washing powder
    1. Some of the stubborn stains on cloths might not come out so you use biological washing powders, these have a mixture of enzymes which break down these stains
  2. Medical products
    1. Reagent strips are strips of paper with enzymes and chemicals in them are dipped in urine to see if it changes colour to test for diabities
  3. The food industry
    1. It is used in the making of low calorie food, cheese and in jucie extraction
2. Immobilised enzymes can be used to make...
  1. Lactic free milk
  2. Reagent strips
Genetic Engineering
1. There are 5 main steps in GE
  1. Identify the gene you are after in an organism
    1. Remove the gene from the organisms DNA
      1. Cut open the DNA of the organism that you want to put the gene into
        You can now colone the host to make more copies
        The cutting and inserting of DNA is done using enzymes
DNA Fingerprinting
2. Can be used to solve crimes or to check if a man is the farther of a child
Brewing
2. Distillation increases the alcohol concerntrtion
  1. Distillation is used to separate the alcohol out of the alcohol-water solution that is produced by fermentation

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B6 Beyond the Microscope

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	Creado por Michael Maidment hace casi 10 años