Lecture 1- Introduction

eusociality
1. cooperative brood care
2. Reproductive division of labour
3. Overlap of generations- capable of caring for brood
4. All 3 traits in
  1. Ants
  2. Termites
  3. Some bees
    1. e.g Allodapine bees
  4. Some wasps
Aspects of Eusociality
1. Communal living
  1. benefits
  2. Costs
    1. Predators
    2. Competition
2. Selfish herds
  1. Mutual benefits to population
3. Communal nests
  1. Not Eusocial- no overlap
  2. Protection against predators
4. Parental care
  1. Benefits-- hence evolution
  2. Behaviour
    1. Protective coating
    2. Feed
    3. Protect
  3. Evolved independently many times
Presociality
1. Full short of being strictly eusocial
2. More common that complete eusociality
3. Aspects
  1. Co-operative brood care
    1. Parental care
    2. Communal nests
    3. Quasisocial
    4. Allodapine bees
      1. Small colonies
      2. Cooperative care by females for larva
      3. Only a single generation which share nest
  2. Reproductive division of labour
    1. Sterile individuals work
    2. Others reproduce-- helped to raise offspring
    3. semisocial-- generation leaves
  3. Overlap of generations
    1. Capable of caring for brood
    2. Communal caterpillars-- belong to same generation
    3. Earwig
      1. Overlap of generations
      2. Care is one directional from parent to offspring
    4. Webspinners
      1. Females stay and care for young
      2. Weave silk as protection
      3. Space shared by several females from overlapped generations
      4. No evidence of co-op--- subsocialtiy
Social Polymorphism
1. Plasticity
2. Allodapine bee and halictid bee
  1. Some species are faculatively eusocial
  2. Warm regions overlap of generations-- eusocial
  3. Cooler regions-- solitary-- no overlap of generations
  4. Swap species between environments-- show traits-- adaption.
Behavioural diversity
1. Primitive
  1. Low worker dimorphism
  2. High worker reproductive potential
  3. High physical agression
  4. Simple division of labour
2. Complex, eusocial
  1. Complex division of labour
  2. Multiple work polymorphisms-- seperate castes
  3. Conflict-- mediated by pheromones
Taxonomy
1. Termites
  1. C.2800 species-- all eusocial
  2. All eat cellulose-- symbiotic protozoa in gut
  3. Limited dispersal
    1. Need reinfection
    2. association of kin
    3. Inbreeding
  4. AKA- highly social cockroaches
    1. Own infraorder-- Isoptera
    2. Crypotocercus
      1. most primitive termite
      2. link between termites and cockroaches
2. Hymenoptera
  1. Ants
  2. Bees
  3. Wasps
  4. Symphyta
    1. Sawflies and wood wasps
    2. C.7000 species-None are eusocial
    3. Most primitive of hymenoptera
    4. Some-- larvae aggregate and show coordinated movement
  5. Apocrita (Parasitica)
    1. Parasitic wasps
    2. C.55,000 species-- non are eusocial
    3. Parasites
      1. Lay eggs on or in other insects
      2. Use host as food
      3. Used in biocontrol
    4. Some seen as pre-social- siblings cooperate in host-- sterile soldiers.
      1. Reproductive division of labour
      2. Cooperative care of young
      3. No overlap of generations
  6. Aculeata
    1. Huge variety of eusociality
    2. Some- non-social
      1. Potter wasps--brood parasites-- not social but provision resources for young
    3. 54,000 species-- many eusocial
    4. 9 origins of eusociality
    5. Include
      1. Parasitic wasps
      2. Solitary wasps
      3. Bees
      4. Ants
      5. Eusocial wasps
    6. All 9 origins of eusociality are in Aculeata, why?
      1. Only they have parental care
      2. Mothers build nests
        Nests reused-- increased relatedness
        Provisioning of nest
        Pollen (bees)
        Prey (wasps)
        co-op-- assured fitness return
3. Other eusocial organisms
  1. Eusocial aphids (hemiptera)
    1. Sterile soldiers
    2. Inhabit galls-- limited dispersal
  2. Eusocial thrips (Thysanoptera)
    1. Soldiers
    2. Limited dispersal
    3. High relatedness and inbred
  3. Eusocial beetle (Coleoptera)
    1. Live in Eucalyptus trees-- limited dispersal
    2. co-op-- overcome tree resin
    3. High relatedness
  4. Snapping Shrimps (Crustacea)
    1. 5 different species
    2. 1 breeding male
    3. Inhabit sponges
    4. Limited dispersal
  5. Eusocial mole rat
    1. Live underground-- limited dispersal
    2. Feed on underground tubers
    3. Reproductive supression of workers by queen
    4. Naked mole rat-- inbreeding

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