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Social Psychological Explanations of Aggression
Descripción
Mapa Mental sobre Social Psychological Explanations of Aggression, creado por emkstar13 el 08/01/2014.
Mapa Mental por
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Resumen del Recurso
Social Psychological Explanations of Aggression
Social Learning Theory
Observation
Learning takes place through the observation of models
Seeing others reinforced or punished acts as vicarious reinforcement
Mental Representation
Individual forms mental representations of events
Also forms expectations of possible rewards or punishments
Production of Behaviour
Aggression maintained through direct reinforcement
Likelihood of aggression increased if high self-efficacy for production
Evaluation
SLT demonstrated in young children observing aggressive adult model (Bandura et al, 1961)
Imitated model, but only if model was rewarded for their behaviour (Bandura and Walters, 1963)
Learning takes place regardless of outcome, but production linked only to reinforcement
SLT also applies to aggression in adults e.g. Phillips, 1986 - homicide rates and boxing matches
Strength - can explain aggression in absence of direct reinforcement
Can also explain individual differences and context-dependent learning
Problem of demand characteristics in Bobo doll study
Ethical issues* - teaching children aggressive behaviour
Cultural differences - absence of aggressive models among !Kung San
IDA
Ethical issues make SLT explanation difficult to test scientifically
Deindividuation
Nature of Deindividuation
Reduced self-evaluation; decreased concern about evaluation by others
Leads to an increase in antisocial behaviour
More likely when anonymous, in a large crowd or drunk
Process of Deindividuation
Social norms usually inhibit antisocial behaviour
Inhibitions removed when deindividuated
Conditions that increase anonymity weaken barriers to antisocial behaviour
Research on Deindividuation
Faceless Crowd - lynchings more savage when large crowds (Mullen, 1986); baiting crowd (Mann, 1981)
Reduced Private Self-Awareness
Reduced self-awareness more important than anonymity
In large crowds, less able to self-regulate behaviour
Evaluation
IDA
Gender bias - males more likely to become aggressive when deindividuated (Cannavale et al, 1970)
Real-world application - the baiting crowd
Anonymity - Zimbardo (1969) found longer shocks when anonymous
Local group norms - people respond to normative cues within the social context
Meta-analysis (Postmes and Spears, 1998) - insufficient support for claims of theory
Evidence of online aggression when deindividuated (Francis et al, 2006)
Deindividuation may increase prosocial behaviour in some situations
Cultural difference - cultures that change appearance more brutal in war (Watson, 1973)
Institutional Aggression
Prison Violence
Evaluation
Importation model - support from studies of US prisons (Harer and Steffensmeier, 2006)
DeLisi et al (2004) challenges the claim that pre-prison gang membership predicts violence
Deprivation model - support from prison studies but not psychiatric institutions
Deprivation model explains violence against staff - importation model explains violence against other inmates (Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando, 2002)
Importation Model
Prisoners 'import' their violent behaviours into prison
Gang membership
Pre-prison gang membership an important determinant of prison misconduct
Deprivation model
A reaction to stressful conditions of prison
Skyes (1958) - specific deprivations within prison linked to increase in violence
Genocide
Evaluation
Bystanders - non-intervention allows killing to continue
Dehumanization - may explain violence against immigrants
Obedience - ignores other factors (e.g. anti-Semitism)
Staub (1999) - five stages of genocide
Dehumanization - removal of moral restraints against killing other humans (e.g. Tutsi 'cockroaches')
Milgram believed situational pressures could coerce people into destructive obedience
IDA
Real-world application - reversing conditions of deprivation led to reduction of violence at HMP Woodhill (Wilson, 2010)
Real-world application - dehumanization can explain violence towards refugees though social dominance orientation (SDO)
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