European Society's Progression:

POLITICAL: More Decomcratic
1. Middle Ages
  1. Crusades (Feudalism) -> Central Government with Monarchy
  2. King John signs Magna Carta (Monarch must obey laws and protect the legal rights of the people)
  3. Edward I summons parliament (Common ppl are representatives)
  4. Henry II's goal: Strngthen power of rulers over nobles and church
    1. he strengthens royal courts so ppl choose the royal courts over noble courts
  5. Begins with small, isolated feudal manors
  6. Charlemagne strengthened noble power by limiting power of the nobles
2. Renaissance and Reformation
  1. City states were small so more ppl could be involved in politics
  2. Council of Trent restores some of the churches power
  3. merchants dominated politics
  4. Great Schism -> church divides and loses a lot of its power
  5. Italian pope
    1. More Nationalism in England and France
3. Age of Absolutism and French Revolution
  1. Old Regime, Absolute monarchy, and three estates
  2. Louis XVI was a weak leader + Unfair treatment of third estate -> revolution
  3. National Assembly was the third estate taking a stand against this poor treatment and demanding change
  4. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Doc D) - Included protection of liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression
  5. Church loses land and political power
  6. Legislative assembly - trips kings of much of his power and created new legislative power
  7. National Convention - placed power firmly in the hands of the upper middle class and called for two house legislature and executive body of five men
4. Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
  1. Revolution challenges churches and leads to a decline in church power and support
  2. Democratic Ideas
    1. Locke - Natural Rights
    2. Leviathan (Doc B) - Hobbes thought ppl needed strong power, he supported Monarchy, without it chaos and no progression of society
    3. Montesquieu - Checks and Balances + Division of Power
    4. Voltaire - Criminal Justice
    5. Rousseau - ppl consent to govt (the social contract)
SOCIAL: More Education and Opportunity for Education
1. Middle Ages
  1. Church was center of learning
  2. Many ppl were illiterate and since latin changed, not many ppl could understand it
  3. Little scholarly writing and philosophy (even many preists could barely read the bible)
  4. Revival of Learning in later middle ages
    1. universities (small groups of scholars) grow more popular
    2. poets begin writing in the vernacular (native language) = more ppl could access
    3. sparking scholarly arguments lead to more democracy and democratic ideas
  5. In feudal system no women got an education
2. Renaissance and Reformation
  1. humanism influence -> growth of learning
    1. want to bring back culture of greece and rome and less church
    2. School of athens (Doc G) - realism, takes education to make art w such perspective and technique, philosophers depicted
  2. Gutenberg develops printing press = books cost less and more education/access for all
  3. Renaissance art was more realistic (means ppl desired more authenticity and understanding of the world)
  4. Northern Renaissance valued education (along w realism, celebrating everday life, reforming society)
    1. erasmus - promotes study of bible
    2. thomas moore - in book utopia all ppl are educated
    3. christine de pizan "Book of the city ladies" promoted women's education
3. Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
  1. Copernicus' helioccentric theory (Doc C) - went against churchs geocentric theory
    1. kepler uses math to back it up
    2. seen as beginning of scientific revolution
  2. Frederick the great reforms prussia and improves edu
  3. descartes scientific method (not true until proven )
  4. paris was intellectual capital
    1. people discussed ideas at salons
    2. encyclopedia - composed of popular scholars writings
  5. challenged classical knowledge
  6. portugals school of navigation spread mapmaking, shipbuilding, scientific knowledge
  7. Newtons discoveries helped ppl understand and explain world
  8. education allowed thinkers to formulate ideas
    1. locke
    2. voltaire
    3. rousseau
    4. wollstonecraft
    5. hobbes
  9. catherine the great of russia promoted the education of noble girls
4. Age of Absolutism and French Revolution
  1. before rev enlightenment ideas spread so the third estate was inspired by the american revolution to question their own society
ECONOMIC: Reliance on Trade not Taxes
1. Middle Ages
  1. lots of farming
  2. rise of trade with the merchants
  3. tithe - church tax that was 1/10 of christian familys yearly income
  4. big gap btwn nobles and the poor
  5. commercial revolution created more trade, surplus of goods, and ecomonic growth
  6. Feudal Manor vs. Mideval Town (Doc B) -
    1. feudal
      1. wealth unequally dispersed
      2. lots of farming
      3. lord has all of the $
      4. size of house indicated wealth
      5. ppl were self sufficient
      6. whole fam worked on farm
      7. focus on church and food production
    2. mideval
      1. trade goes up as towns develop
      2. wealth more equally dispersed
      3. towns along trade routes
      4. more specialized tradeworkers and craftsman
2. Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
  1. columbus searches for trade routes and riches
  2. European exploration routes (Doc F) - increased trade, spread ideas, discovery of americas, allowed mapmakers to thrive
    1. taxed citizens to enable exploration
  3. enlightenment idea tht ppl shldnt be burdened by taxes
3. Age of Absolutism and French Revolution
  1. at the beginning
    1. govt debt
    2. economy on decline
    3. crops failing
    4. third estate taxed unfairly (paid 50% of tax)
  2. revolution lead to fair taxation
4. Renaissance and Reformation
  1. ppl demand higher wages bc ppl were dying from the plague
  2. merchants forced to pay taxes to rome
  3. rulers envied the churches wealth
  4. indulgences
  5. many saw the church tithe as a burden to the economy
From the Middle Ages through the French Revolution, politically, European society became more democratic, socially, Europe's progression allowed for more education, and Europe's economy became more reliant on trade instead of taxation.

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