Section 1- Forces and Motion

Velocity and Acceleration
1. Speed= how fast something is moving
  1. Speed= Distance / Time
2. Velocity= how fast something is moving + DIRECTION
  1. Velocity= Distance / Time + Direction
3. Acceleration= how quickly velocity is changing (how fast something gets faster)
  1. Acceleration= Change in velocity / Time
Graphs
1. Distance-Time Graphs
  1. Gradient= Speed
    1. Vertical / Horizontal
2. Velocity-Time Graphs
  1. Gradient= Velocity
    1. Vertical / Horizontal
Mass, Weight and Gravity
1. Gravity
  1. Gravity attracts all masses but is not a force
  2. On the surface of a planet it makes all things accelerate towards the ground, at the same acceleration, e.g. Earth= 10 m/s2
  3. It gives everything weight
  4. It keeps planets in orbits
2. Weight
  1. Weight is caused by the pull of gravity
  2. Weight= Mass x Gravitational Field Strength
  3. Weight is a force measured in Newtons (N)
  4. The weight of an object is the force of gravity pulling it towards the center of the Earth
3. Mass
  1. The amount of 'stuff' in an object
  2. How heavy an object is
  3. An object has the same mass when on different planets, it's weight will change
  4. KG
Forces and Friction
1. A force is simply a push or pull
2. Forces
  1. GRAVITY or WEIGHT (straight downwards)
  2. REACTION FORCE (from a surface, straight upwards)
    1. Newton's third law say that if object a exerts a force on object b then object b exerts the exact opposite force on object a.
  3. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE (between 2 charged objects, direction depends of type of charge e.g. repel or attract)
  4. THRUST or PUSH or PULL (due to an engine or rocket speeding something up)
  5. DRAG or AIR RESISTANCE or FRICTION (which slows something down)
  6. LIFT (due to an aeroplane wing)
  7. TENSION (in a rope or cable)
3. Friction is always there to slow something down
  1. Friction between solid surfaces which are gripping
  2. Friction between solid surfaces which are sliding past each other
  3. Resistance or drag from fluids (liquids or gasses)
Momentum
1. All moving objects have momentum
2. Momentum= how difficult it is to stop a moving object
3. Faster travelling cars have more momentum
4. Heavier cars have more momentum
5. Momentum= Mass x Velocity
6. Measured in Kg m/s
7. When a force acts on an object, it causes a change in momentum
  1. The change in momentum depends on the size of the force and the time for which it is applied
8. Force= Change in Momentum / Time
9. Moment and Pivots
  1. Moment= Force Applied x Distance from the pivot
  2. Vector= a measurement with direction e.g. velocity but not speed
  3. Measured in Nm or Ncm
Work Done and Energy
1. Energy is the 'mover' of matter
2. Energy allows work to be done on other objects
3. Work is done when a force is applied to an object and it moves a distance
4. Work done is measured in Joules
5. Work Done= Force x Distance
6. Work Done= Energy Transferred
Potential and Kinetic Energy
1. Potential Energy
  1. Mass x Gravitational Field Strength x Height
  2. The amount of energy an object has because of its position above the ground
2. Kinetic Energy
  1. 1/2 x Mass x Velocity2
  2. The energy an object has because it is moving. It depends on mass and speed.
Equations
1. Speed= Distance / Time
  1. Velocity= Distance / Time + Direction
    1. Acceleration= Change in velocity / Time
      1. Momentum= Mass x Velocity
        Force= Change in momentum / Time
        N
        Work Done= Force x Distance
        Kinetic Energy= 1/2 x Mass x Speed2
        Potential Energy= Mass x Gravitational Field Strength x Height
        J
        J
        J
        kg m/s
      2. m/s2
    2. m/s + direction
  2. m/s

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