The Appendicular Skeleton
Introduction

The _____ skeleton is composed of the free and mobile limb, which contains a similar pattern of bones between upper and lower limbs.

In addition, another region, the ____, provide support and connection of the limb to the axial skeleton. These pectoral and pelvic girdles are not nearly as ____ as the limb to which they attach, but they are essential in providing stability and ____ attachment to the limb.

The upper limb includes the ____, the _____, the ____, the ____, the
____, and the _____. Additionally, the pectoral girdle contains two bones, the ____ and _____.

The lower limb includes the _____, the ______, the _____, the ____, the _____, _____, and the ____.

Additionally, the three bones of the pelvic girdle are the ____, _____, and ____. These bones are ____ to one another to form a solid “pelvis,” which connects to the _____ via the very strong, weight-bearing _____ joint.

The Appendicular Skeleton: Overview

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the ___ limb and pectoral ____ and the bones of the ___ limb and pelvic _____.

The upper limb and pectoral girdle are well suited to all sorts of tasks, being highly _____. The singular joint that attaches the limb to the axial skeleton occurs at the junction of the ____ and ____.

The lower limb and pelvic girdle are suited for _____. The range of motion is more _____ than the upper limb, and the joint that attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton occurs at the ____ and ____. This is an ______ joint that effectively _____ the weight of the body to the lower limbs.

The Appendicular Skeleton:
The Upper and Lower Limbs

The individual bones of the upper limb include:

The individual bones of the lower limb include:

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs
The Clavicle

This bone is short and round, but is very important. The ____ end of the clavicle forms a ____ joint with the sternum, the __________ joint.

This moderately mobile joint forms the sole joint between the ___ skeleton and the ____ limb. The clavicle’s ____ end is flattened and forms a relatively fixed ________ joint with the acromion.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs
The Scapula

This bone is flat and triangular and glides over the posterior surface of the ____. Several important landmarks are present.

The ____ process serves as an attachment for the ___ ____ as well as other muscles of the _____. The _____ joins the scapula to the ____.

Following the acromion medially, the ___ of the scapula forms a ridge that separates the posterior surface into ______ and _______ _____. The entire anterior surface in contact with the ribs is called the ______ fossa. These 3 fossae house the “____ ___” muscles that rotate and stabilize the head of the ____ in the glenoid cavity.

Above and below the glenoid are two small bumps, the supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles. The serve as attachments for parts of the biceps and triceps, respectively.

Glenohumeral joint: a ________ joint like this allows ____ freedom of movement.
(between the ____ of the scapula and the ____)

The socket here (____ ____) is rather shallow but is reinforced by a lip of ____ and several ligaments. Despite these reinforcements, it is prone to dislocation.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs
Movements of the Scapula

To pave the way for learning the actions of muscles, it is important at this time to learn what movements are possible at certain joints.

______ of muscles results in the movement of the scapula on the _____ wall.

______: The scapula is pulled LATERALLY, as when extending the arm for something out of reach.

______: The scapula is pulled MEDIALLY, as when pulling your shoulders back.

______: The scapula is moved SUPERIORLY, as when shrugging the shoulders.

_______: The scapula is moved INFERIORLY, as when carrying a heavy suitcase.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs
Movements of the Humerus

The humerus articulates with the glenoid via a ball and socket joint. This type of joint allows the most freedom of movement of any joint.

_____: The humerus is moved away from the body, laterally.

_____: The humerus is brought toward the body, medially.

_____: The humerus is moved anteriorly.

_____: The humerus is moved posteriorly.

______: The humerus is spun within the glenoid The “rotator cuff” muscles are responsible for rotating the humerus

_________: This action brings the forearm across the abdomen.

___________: The opposite motion as medial rotation. From the anatomical position, the humerus is almost fully rotated.

The Appendicular Skeleton:
The Upper Limbs
The Humerus

The only bone of the brachium (____ arm) is the _____. Near the head are two ______: the lateral ____ tubercle and the medial ____ tubercle.

Between these tubercles lies the _________ groove, an attachment site for some muscles that move the humerus.

The humerus has two necks: an ______ neck, which is the narrowing behind the head, and a more distally located region that is more prone to fractures, the _____ neck.

The Appendicular Skeleton:
The Upper Limbs
The Humerus

Mid-shaft, there is a ridge on the ____ surface for attachment of the deltoid muscle, the ____ ______. At the distal end the bone articulates with the ____ and ____.

The articular surface of the humerus for the ulna is the spool-shaped _____ (= pulley). The round articular surface on the humerus for the radius is the _____ (=head).

Three fossae at the distal end (the ____ fossa, the _____ fossa, and the _____ fossa) receive processes of a similar name when the _____ is completely flexed or extended.

The trochlea and capitulum are collectively known as ____; the prominent ridges beside them are called the _______.

These are very important landmarks: the medial epicondyle serves as the attachment for most of the muscles of the _____ forearm, while the posterior forearm muscles attach to the ____ epicondyle of the humerus

The Appendicular Skeleton:
The Upper Limbs

The Humeroulnar (Elbow) Joint

When fully extended, the ulna is roughly ___ degrees from the humerus. The articular surface of the ulna articulates with the humerus to form the _______ joint.

The ulna’s articular surface is composed of the _____ process and the _____ process. The olecranon process of the ulna, the attachment for the ____ muscle, fits into the olecranon ____ on the posterior surface of the humerus.

The coronoid process is accommodated by the coronoid ____ on the anterior surface of the humerus. The entire articular surface of the ulna grips the _____ of the humerus like a wrench. The radial _____ and the ulnar _____ serve as attachment sites for _____ of the ulna.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs

The Humeroradial and Radioulnar Joints

The _____ of the humerus and the ____ _____ articulate in a shallow ________ called the ______ joint, although movement of the joint is _____.

There is also an articulation between the radius and ulna at their proximal ends, the _____ joint. This articulation is considered a ____ joint, permits the head of the radius to rotate within the radial ____ of the ulna, resulting in ____ and ____ movements.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs

Supination and Pronation
______ rotation of the radial head at the radioulnar joint produces a movement known as _____, wherein the hand faces ______.

The opposite motion, _____, moves the palm to face _____.

Because the nature of a ____ joint, the ____ is incapable of _____. Instead, the distal end of the ____ flips over to ____ the ulna. Muscles that produce these movements are called supinators and pronators, respectively.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs

The Carpals

There are __ bones that make up the ____. These carpals are ________ shaped and have complex articulations.

That major joint of the wrist is the ______ joint. It lies between the proximal carpals and the radius/ulna.

The radius and the ulna each have a small _____ process to “cradle” the carpals.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs

The carpals themselves comprise 2 rows of __ carpals each. The proximal row, from lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform. The distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
(for the left hand - remember anatomical position!)

The joints between carpals are usually described as a ____ or ____ joints; the bones slide past each other.

Name the carpals! (mnemonic)

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs

The Metacarpals and Phalanges

The bones that make up the palm of the hand are the _ _______. They are numbered 1-5 starting at the ____ side.

The phalanges make up the fingers and thumb (___). Each finger has 3 phalanges: ____, _____, and ____. The pollex lacks the _____ phalanx.

Phalanges
How can you tell if you’re looking at the dorsal or palmar surface of the hand? Let the “____” of the hamate be your guide.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limbs

Movements of the Wrist and Digits

The wrist as a undergoes flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

The hand has __ joints, but they can be categorized into two groups:

___________ joints are ____ joints found between metacarpals and phalanges. These joints allow flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.

In the hand _____ and ______ are relative to the axis of the hand instead of the axis of the body (see dotted line in figure).

_______ joints are between adjacent phalanges. Only ____ and ____ are possible with their ____ joints.

The Appendicular Skeleton:
Summary of the Movable Joints in the Upper Limb
_________ motions: abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation flexion, extension

_______ motions: flexion, extension

_____ motions:
supination, pronation

_____ motions:
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

__________ joints:
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

_______ joints: flexion, extension

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

The Pelvis

The ____ is comprised of three separate bones that ____ during development, the ___, ____, and ____.

These three bones contribute to a centrally located socket for the ____, the _____. The two coxa fuse at the ____ _____ through a fibrous joint, and connect posteriorly to the sacrum via the ______ joint.

Both joints are relatively _____. Together, the two coxa and sacrum make up the ____.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

The Ilium

The large iliac crest is the most prominent landmark of the ____ and can be easily ____. It can be followed anteriorly to a noticeable bump, the ____ _____ ____ ___ (____).

The ____ serves as the attachment for the ___ _____, a tough band that stretches to the pubis and creates a passageway for ______ structures passing to from the pelvis to the leg.

Lastly, the ____ fossa is a cup-shaped depression that houses the ____ _____, a flexor of the hip joint.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

The Pubis

The pubis is shaped like the Greek letter _____.

The two legs (called ___) make connections with the other bones of the ___. The ____ ramus joins the ilium and the inferior ramus joins the ____. The rami surround a large opening, the _____ _______.

At the junction of the two rami, the pubis joins its counterpart at the ___ ______. An anterior projection serves as an attachment for the inguinal ligament, the ____ ______. From the pubic tubercle extending laterally is the ____ ____, the attachment for the pectineus muscle.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

The Ischium

The ____ bone of the coxa has three important landmarks. The ischial ______ is a rough area on the most inferior region of the pelvis and is the part of the pelvis on which you ___. It is the attachment site for the flexors of the hip and knee joint.

The ischial ___ projects posteriorly from the acetabulum. This spine creates a large notch superior to it known as the ___ ____ notch, a landmark of the ____. The largest nerve in the entire body, the sciatic nerve, passes through the notch on its way to the leg from the pelvis.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

Sexual Dimorphism

The shape of the pelvis in males and females is one of the most distinguishing osteological characteristics.

The pelvic inlet (an aperture formed by the ____ ramus of the pubis, the ___, and ____) is larger and rounder in _____ to allow for passage of the fetus during child labor. The opening at the bottom of the pelvis is the pelvic outlet, which is also ____ in females.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

To make the larger pelvic outlet possible, the female’s pubic rami are spread somewhat _____ when compared to the male pelvis. The result is that while males have an ___ subpubic angle, females have a much ____ subpubic angle, __ degrees or more.

These are generalizations, and like much of anatomy, there is a range of what “normal” is. If you were to pick up a pelvis and try to identify it’s sex, there are many pelves that would appear to be intermediate and unidentifiable with absolute certainty.

Likewise, there are some that lie very far along the spectrum and may be misidentified. Fortunately, the models used in lab were produced from casts of “_____” specimens.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

Movements of the Femur

The femur articulates with the acetabulum via a _______ joint. This type of joint allows the most _____ of movement of any joint. Because its deeper socket, the hip joint is more ____ and less ____ than the ____ joint.

_____: The femur is moved away from the body, laterally.

_____: The femur is brought toward the body, medially.

_____: The femur is moved anteriorly.

____: The femur is moved posteriorly.

_____: The femur is spun within the acetabulum.

__________: This action rotates the knee inward.

___________: The opposite motion as medial rotation. The knee is rotated outward.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

The Femur

The head of the femur articulates with the _____, and it’s neck angles downward and somewhat laterally. Two large eminences are present below the neck for the attachment of leg muscles: the _____ _____ for the attachment of lateral hip _____, and the ____ _____ for the attachment of the hip _____.

The distal articular surface of the femur articulates with the ____ and the ____ to form the ___ joint.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

Movements at the Knee Joint

The patellar surface of the femur allows the patella to glide ____ and ____ on the anterior ____. Contained within the quadriceps tendon, the patella is a small bone that facilitates ____ of the ___ by providing better leverage.

The tibia articulates with the medial and lateral ____ of the femur to form a ___ joint called the ___.

____ and ____ are the primary movements of the tibia, although a small degree of ____ occurs in knee-locking.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

The Tibia and Fibula

As mentioned previously, the proximal end of the tibia articulates with the ___ at the ___.

On the anterior surface of the tibia, a large tibial _____ serves as the attachment for the patellar ligament from the ____ muscles of the thigh.

The fibula articulates with the ____ both proximally, distally (_____ joints), and throughout its length through an interosseous membrane. These connections are fixed and involve __ movement.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

The Tibia and Fibula

Distally, the tibia and fibula surround the ___ bone of the ankle. The medial _______ of the tibia provides medial support, while the lateral ____ of the fibula supports it laterally.

This articulation of the tibia and fibula with the talus bone forms the _____ joint (commonly called the ___). It is a ____ joint, allowing ____ flexion, ___flexion, _____, and _____.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

The Foot

The foot contains many similar bones to the hand. There are a series of tarsals that make up the posterior __ of the foot, a series of _ metatarsals in the middle, and the phalanges at the ___ end of the foot. Like the hand, _ of the digits contain _ phalanges each. The big toe, or ____, contains just _.

The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limbs

The Foot

The tarsals are highly specialized. The talus forms a large articular surface the glides against the ___ and is supported by the medial and lateral ____.

The heel bone is the _____. The remaining 5 tarsals form part of the bridge of the foot. The arch extends from the calcaneus to the distal end of the ______.

A strong ligament, the ____ ____, holds the bones in an arch. When walking the arch flattens somewhat, and its recoil give you a spring in your step. There is only ____ movement between adjacent tarsal bones.

The Appendicular Skeleton:
Summary of the Movable Joints in the Lower Limb

Hip motions: _____, ______, _______, ______

Knee motions: _____, ______

Talocrural (ankle) motions: ______, ______, _______, ______

Metatarsophalangeal joints: _____, ______, _______, _______

Interphalangeal joints: ______, ______

Sternoclavicular

is what type of joint?

Acromioclavicular

is what type of joint?

Glenohumeral

is what type of joint?

Humeroulnar

is what type of joint?

Humeroradial

is what type of joint?

Proximal radioulnar

is what type of joint?

Distal radioulnar

is what type of joint?

Radiocarpal

is what type of joint?

Metacarpophalangeal

is what type of joint?

Interphalangeal

is what type of joint?