Schizophrenia Quiz- Psychology (A2)

Pregunta 1 de 77

1

Match the definition to the key term

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

3

8

10

1

5

7

9

11

4

2

6

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 77

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Schizophrenia Facts:
1. Schizophrenia is more commonly diagnosed in ( men, women )
2. About ( 1%, 5%, 10% ) of the population suffer from schizophrenia
3. People are more likely to be diagnosed if they live in the ( city, countryside )
4. ( Working, Middle, Upper ) class people are more likely to suffer from schizophrenia

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 77

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DSM ( 5, 10, 2 ): Must have ( one, two+ ) ( positive, negative ) symptoms to be diagnosed
ICD ( 10, 5, 2 ): Must have ( two+, one ) ( negative, positive ) symptoms to be diagnosed

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 77

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There are 3 main types of delusions in schizophrenia:
1. ( Delusions of grandeur:, Somatic delusions:, Delusions of persecution: ) the false belief that the sufferer is someone of extreme importance
2. ( Delusions of persecution:, Delusions of grandeur:, Somatic delusions ) the false belief that the sufferer is being targeted- makes them very suspicious. These are the most common form of delusions for sufferers.
3. ( Somatic delusions:, Delusions of grandeur:, Delusions of persecution: ) a preoccupation with one's body- the false belief that something is wrong/odd with their body e.g. tumours, blood made of silver

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 77

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Reliability references the ( consistency, validity, accuracy ) of a study. One important measure of reliability is ( inter-rater, integrated, experimental, valid ) reliability. This is the consistency of ( multiple, one ) researchers' diagnoses- do they all come to ( the same, a different, a similar ) conclusion?

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 77

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( Cheniaux, Buckley, Rosenhan ) et al. (2009) asked two psychiatrists to ( independently, work together to ) diagnose 100 patients using the DSM and ICD criteria. Inter-rater reliability was ( poor, good ):
One psychiatrist diagnosed 26 patients using the ( DSM, ICD ) and 44 patients using the ( ICD, DSM )
The other psychiatrist diagnosed 13 patients with the ( DSM, ICD ) and 24 using the ( ICD, DSM ).
This shows that the results are not consistent; if they were, both psychiatrist would have diagnosed the same number of patients e.g. both diagnosed 26 using the DSM.

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 77

1

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One way of assessing validity of diagnosis is ( criterion validity, inter-rater reliability, external validity, internal validity ). This is whether two diagnostic systems come to ( the same, a different ) conclusion in terms of diagnosis of a patient. Good criterion validity would mean two diagnostic systems (e.g. DSM and ICD) give the same diagnosis to the same patient.

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 77

1

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Cheniaux et al. (2009) did a study in which two psychiatrists independently diagnosed 100 patients using the DSM and the ICD. It was found that DSM diagnosed ( almost half as many, double the amount of, the same amount of ) patients with schizophrenia in comparison to the ICD e.g. one psychiatrist diagnosed 13 people using the DSM and 24 using the ICD. This clearly indicates that the two diagnostic systems ( are not, are ) reaching the same conclusions in terms of diagnosis, and therefore the ( criterion validity, inter-rater reliability ) is poor.

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 77

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❌ how common a medical disorder is
❌ when two or more disorders occur at the same time

If conditions occur together a lot of the time, this questions the reliability and validity of the diagnosis and classification, because they may in fact be ❌.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Morbidity:

Co-morbidity:

a single condition

multiple conditions

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 77

1

❌ et al. investigated the extent to which schizophrenics also suffered from other conditions.
Findings:
50% also suffer from ❌
47% also suffer from ❌
29% also suffer from ❌
23% also suffer from ❌

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Buckley

Cheniaux

Rosenhan

depression

substance abuse

PTSD

OCD

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 77

1

Buckley's study into comorbidity suggested that substance abuse and schizophrenia were the most commonly comorbid, with PTSD being the least.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 77

1

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Both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder involve positive symptoms such as ( delusions, speech poverty, social withdrawal ), and negative symptoms such as ( avolition, hallucinations ). Based on the ( DSM, ICD ), in which you must have one positive symptom, you may be diagnosed with schizophrenia when you actually have bipolar disorder, or vice versa.

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 77

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Symptom overlap has one main issue: ( misdiagnosis, reliability, odd diagnosis ). This can lead to either incorrect ( treatment, identification of cause, dismissal ) (could actually worsen the illness) and ( labelling, payment, economic issues ) (affects mortgages, employment, and insurance).

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 77

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Longenecker found that ( men, women ) are more likely than ( women, men ) to be diagnosed with schizophrenia. However, this difference ( does not, does ) mean they are necessarily more likely to suffer from schizophrenia; it may actually be a case of ( gender, culture ) bias. One argument is that they do suffer more than ( women, men ) do because they are ( genetically, psychologically ) more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia. However, others argue that men are ( more, less ) likely to be diagnosed because women do not outwardly display symptoms so they may be ( underdiagnosed, overdiagnosed ) with schizophrenia. They may also be more high functioning than men, so can continue to work despite symptoms. This questions the ( validity, reliability ) of the diagnostic and classification systems.

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 77

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African Americans are several times ( more, less ) likely than white people to be diagnosed with schizophrenia. However, rates of schizophrenia in Africa are relatively ( low, high, similar ), so it can be concluded that these differences ( are not, are ) due to genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia, but rather the result of bias in diagnosis. For example, hearing voices in Africa is often seen as a form of communication with ancestors, and is therefore more acceptable. As well as this, white psychiatrist may over-interpret symptoms and distrust the honesty of black people. This is an example of ( cultural, gender, lack of ) bias.

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 77

1

Label the image with the correct concordance rates and shared genes, as investigated by Gottesman (1991)

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48%

17%

6%

1%

100%

50% (DZ)

50% (S)

0%

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 77

1

What can be concluded from Gottesman's study of concordance rates in schizophrenics?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The greater the genetic similarity between two people, the higher the probability that both will develop schizophrenia
The lower the genetic similarity between two people, the higher the probability that both will develop schizophrenia
Genetics have no influence on the onset/maintenance of schizophrenia
Genetics are the sole cause of schizophrenia

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 77

1

Name one issue with Gottesman's study of concordance rates in schizophrenics

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Identical twins are often brought up in very similar environments (e.g. wear same clothes, do same things etc.) so this is a confounding variable
The study is archaic; it was done too long ago to be seen as valid
The sample size was too small, so the results can't be effectively generalised

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 77

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It is believed that schizophrenia is polygenic and has multiple candidate genes. What does the term 'polygenic' mean?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The onset of schizophrenia is linked to multiple genes
The onset of schizophrenia is linked to one gene
Schizophrenics start of with multiple genes for schizophrenia, but as they're cured, the genes are destroyed until there are none left, hence leaving the patient cured.

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 77

1

Which researcher investigated candidate genes and when?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Ripke et al (2014)
Gottesman (1991)
Brown et al (2002)

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 77

1

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Ripke et al (2014) carried out a ( wide scale, small ) study that combined the data of all previous human genome studies. The genetic make-up of 37,000 schizophrenics was compared to that of 113,000 healthy people. There were ( 108, 2, thousands of ) separate variations that were linked to the onset of schizophrenia, with some of them coding for neurotransmitters such as ( dopamine, histamine, amino acids ).

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 77

1

What is an issue with schizophrenia having multiple candidate genes?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Difficulty developing treatment as specific cause can't be established
Can't be certain genetics are linked to schizophrenia- could be coincidental
Dosage of treatment can't be certain as number of genes involved will affect how much medication to take

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 77

1

Evidence for the genetic basis of schizophrenia suggests genes are the sole cause of schizophrenia.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 77

1

Hyperdopaminergia: occurs in the ❌ and involves ❌ levels of dopamine. Symptoms include ❌ and ❌
Hypodopaminergia: occurs in the ❌ and involves ❌ levels of dopamine. Symptoms include ❌ and ❌

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

sub cortex

high

hallucinations

delusions

cortex

low

avolition

speech poverty

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 77

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( High, Low ) numbers of dopamine receptors in ( Broca, Wernicke )'s area (associated with speech production) lead to ( high, low ) levels of dopamine activity in the area. One symptom this can cause is disorganised speech, a ( positive, negative ) symptom.
( Low, High ) levels of dopamine in the pre-frontal cortex (associated with planning and decision making) lead to ( negative, positive ) symptoms such as avolition and social withdrawal.

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 77

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Why might it be possible for hyperdopaminergia and hypodopaminergia to both play a role in the onset/maintenance of schizophrenia?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

They can occur simultaneously as they function in different parts of the brain
They alternate between the two levels of dopamine
High levels of dopamine cause the onset of schizophrenia, while low levels maintain it

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 77

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( Curran, Tauscher, Ripke ) et al (2004) found that dopamine ( agonists, antagonists ) (such as amphetamines, which ( increase, decrease ) the levels of dopamine in the brain) can produce schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations. This supports the idea that ( hyperdopaminergia, hypodopaminergia ) plays a role in the development of schizophrenia.
( Tauscher, Curran, Ripke ) et al (2014) found that dopamine ( antagonists, agonists ) (such as antipsychotics., which ( decrease, increase ) the levels of dopamine in the brain) can reduce schizophrenic symptoms, supporting the role of ( hyperdopaminergia, hypodopaminergia ).
However, ( Ripke, Tauscher, Curran ) et al found that some of the genes linked to schizophrenia don't code for dopamine, but rather for ( glutamate, histamine, amino acids ), suggesting dopamine ( is not, is ) the sole cause of schizophrenia.

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 77

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What are neural correlates?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Abnormalities of structure and function of the brain which produce schizophrenic symptoms
The idea that your neurons associated with mood don't connect properly at the synapse, so the transmissions are abnormal
Genes and cognitions combining to produce schizophrenic symptoms

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 77

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In neural correlates, negative symptoms are associated with the ❌, which is linked to ❌. It therefore causes symptoms such as avolition and low mood. Jukel et al. found ❌ levels of activity in the ventral striatum of schizophrenic patients. Lower activity was linked to ❌ severe symptoms (❌ correlation).
Positive symptoms are associated with the ❌ in the ❌ lobe, which is linked to ❌. It therefore cause symptoms such as auditory hallucinations. ❌ levels of activity were found in patients who suffered ❌. These patients make more errors when identifying pre-recorded speech as their own, when compared to a control group.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

ventral striatum

anticipation

low

more

negative

superior temporal gyrus

temporal

auditory processing

Low

hallucinations

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 77

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'One issue with neural correlates is that it is unclear as to whether the abnormality is the cause or effect of schizophrenia. For example, low activity in the ventral striatum may actually be due to the schizophrenia, rather than causing it. ' Is this statement true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 77

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( Fromm-Reichmann, Ripke, Curran, Bateson ) (1948) suggested the psychological explanation for schizophrenia that a schizophrenogenic mother can influence the development of schizophrenia. A schizophrenogenic mother is ( cold and dominant, kind and friendly, quiet and distant, clingy and attention-seeking ), causing conflict and tension in the family. This causes ( secrecy, honesty, unity ), leading to distrust and, eventually, ( paranoia, peace, a stable environment ). This therefore causes schizophrenic symptoms such as ( persecutory delusions, disorganised speech, delusions of grandeur, flat effect ).

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 77

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Bateson (1972) proposed the ( double, single, half, triple ) bind theory: ( faulty, lack of, too much ) communication in families causes schizophrenia. This involves ( contradictory, honest, hostile ) messages, e.g. mother telling child to do something, but when they do it they are punished. This leads to confusion and fear of doing the wrong thing. The individual will then develop strategies and behaviours to ( avoid, ensure ) the double bind situation, which results in symptoms such as avolition, social withdrawal and the flat effect.

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 77

1

The three forms of negative expressed emotions:
1. ❌- scrutinising the individual, sometimes involves violence
2. ❌- anger and rejection of individual
3. ❌- being overly involved in the individual's personal life

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Verbal criticism

Hostility

Emotional over-involvement

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 77

1

What are high levels of negative expressed emotions often correlated with?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

High relapse rates
Low relapse rates
Slower recovery when institutionalised
Higher probability of having other disorder as well (co-morbidity)

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 77

1

What does negative expressed emotion cause in an individual?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Stress
Anger
More likely to be an aggressive schizophrenic
Sensory issues e.g. muteness, partial deafness, difficulty identifying tastes

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 77

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Cognitive explanations for schizophrenia revolve around ( dysfunctional, functional, personal ) thought processing. Lowered processing in the ventral striatum and superior temporal gyrus ( support, oppose ) the cognitive explanation, as they emphasise how changes in thought processing can cause schizophrenic symptoms.
There are two main explanations:
1. Dysfunctional ( meta-representation, meta-analysis, meta-presentation )- disruption in the ability to recognise ( our own, others' ) actions and thoughts as being carried out by ourselves, causing ( hallucinations, negative symptoms ).
2. Lack of central control- the ( inability, ability ) to supress ( automatic, voluntary ) thoughts, causing disorganised speech. The Stroop test found that schizophrenics take ( twice, half ) as long to supress their automatic thoughts compared to a control group.

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 77

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Why is it a problem that Fromm-Reichmann observed patients who already had schizophrenia when investigating the schizophrenogenic theory?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The mother wasn't present, so her behaviour couldn't be altered
The patients would already be suffering schizophrenic symptoms, and the belief that their mother was cold and dominant may simply be a delusion
Fromm-Reichmann already knew that she wanted to prove the schizophrenogenic mother theory, so may have overemphasised evidence

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 77

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Berger (1965) found that schizophrenic patients reported ( higher, lower, equal ) recall of double bind statements compared to non-schizophrenics. This is therefore is ( supporting, opposing ) evidence for the double bind theory, however it lacks ( reliability, validity ); the patients already have schizophrenia, so they may be experiencing delusions which make them believe they experienced double bind situations, when they actually didn't. For example, if they were questioned before the onset of the symptoms, they may have had lower recall, meaning there ( would not, would ) be consistency over time.

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 77

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Liem (1974) found that communication patterns in families with a schizophrenic child was the same as with families with a non-schizophrenic child. What does this evidence suggest about the double bind theory?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Suggests the double bind theory can't be the sole cause of schizophrenia
Suggests the double bind theory is the sole cause of schizophrenia
Suggests parenting style has no effect on the probability that a child develops schizophrenia
Suggests parent-child communication is a key factor in the onset of schizophrenia

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 77

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'Kavanagh (1992) reviewed 26 studies of negative expressed emotion, and found the relapse rates in schizophrenics who reported high levels of negative expressed emotions was 48%, compared to 21% in patients who returned to families with low levels of negative expressed emotion.' Is this statement true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 77

1

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One disadvantage of the negative expressed emotion theory is that 52% of schizophrenics who return to homes with high expressed emotions ( don't relapse, relapse ). The reason for this may be ( individual, therapist, disorder ) differences such as the types of symptoms the experience (negative vs. positive), their personality and the severity of symptoms. This indicates that negative expressed emotion ( is not, is ) a full explanation for schizophrenia.

Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 77

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One main limitation of all family dysfunction explanations is that they all place ❌ and responsibility on the ❌. This is an ethical issue as it may cause ❌ to family members.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

blame

no blame

family

individual

distress

distrust

anger

Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 77

1

Which researcher investigated a lack of central control's link to schizophrenia and found that schizophrenics take twice as long to complete the Stroop test?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Stirling
Stroop
Curran
Ripke
Bateson

Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 77

1

Which treatment for schizophrenia supports cognitive explanations for schizophrenia?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Typical drug therapy
Atypical drug therapy
Family Therapy
Token economy
CBT

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 77

1

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Typical drug therapy for schizophrenia was introduced in the 19( 50, 70, 90 )s, with a drug called ( chlorpromazine, clozapine, risperidone ) that could either be injected or consumed. This therapy involves dopamine ( antagonists, agonists ): the drug blocks the receptor sites for dopamine in post-synaptic neurons, hence ( decreasing, increasing ) levels of the neurotransmitter, meaning symptoms such as ( hallucinations, avolition ) are reduced. Chlorpromazine is also used as a sedative, as it is linked to the neurotransmitter ( histamine, glutamate ) as well.

Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 77

1

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Atypical drug therapy for schizophrenia was introduced in the 19( 70, 50, 90 )s, with a drug called ( clozapine, chlorpromazine, risperidone ). The aim of this type of drug therapy was to reduce the side effects of typical drug therapy. Like chlorpromazine, this drug also binds to dopamine receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, hence blocking them, but it also does the same for neurotransmitters ( serotonin, histamine ) and ( glutamate, noradrenaline ). It is often prescribed to ( suicidal, less severe, uncooperative ) patients for its mood-enhancing effects. However, this drug is also known to cause ( agranulocytosis, tardine dyskinesia ), a fatal blood disorder, so a new drug was made in the 19( 90, 50 )s, risperidone. It has the same binding qualities as clozapine, but binds ( more, less ) strongly, so the doses are smaller and the side effects are reduced.

Explicación

Pregunta 47 de 77

1

What percentage of schizophrenic patients attempt suicide? (linked to typical drug therapies)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

30-50%
60%
18.7%
25-30%

Explicación

Pregunta 48 de 77

1

Thornley (2003) did a meta-analysis of studies comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to a placebo. What did the study find?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

That patients' functioning improved significantly because of the placebo
That biology has little role in the development of schizophrenia
That chlorpromazine causes better functioning and reduced symptom severity
That a combination of the drug and the placebo increased the symptom severity

Explicación

Pregunta 49 de 77

1

What did Meltzer (2012) suggest about the effectiveness of clozapine?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

That it is more effective than other treatments and is effective on 30-50% of treatment resistant cases
That patients who took clozapine reported worsening in symptom severity upon taking clozapine
That in 33% of cases clozapine worked best when combined with typical drugs like chlorpromazine
That it has no significant effect on functioning or symptoms

Explicación

Pregunta 50 de 77

1

Label the table with the correct side effects associated with the different types of drug therapy. (definition is below the unlabeled term)

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

Dizziness

Weight gain

Sleepiness

Tardive dyskinesia

NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome)

Agranulocytosis

Hyperglycemia

Explicación

Pregunta 51 de 77

1

What do severe side effects to drug therapies cause?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Compliance to psychological therapy
Higher relapse rates- stop taking drugs, symptoms return
Lower relapse rates- stop taking drugs when they feel ready and fully functioning
Higher levels of aggression to staff members in 88% of relapse cases

Explicación

Pregunta 52 de 77

1

What do both types of drug therapy treat in order to cure schizophrenia?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Hyperdopaminergia (high levels of dopamine)
Hypodopaminergia (low levels of dopamine)
Genes
Neural correlates

Explicación

Pregunta 53 de 77

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

While drug therapy does support the ( dopamine, serotonin, genetic, glutamate ) hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia, it can also be said that it ( does not take, takes ) into account other biological factors such as genes and neural correlates, or external factors such as family dysfunction. This is therefore ( a limitation, an advantage ) of drug therapy.

Explicación

Pregunta 54 de 77

1

Who is likely to over-emphasise the effectiveness of drug therapies?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The patients
The patients' families
The researcher
The drug companies

Explicación

Pregunta 55 de 77

1

What is the aim of CBT?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

To identify and change dysfunctional thoughts
To treat abnormalities in brain structure e.g. neural correlates
To control how a patient behaves via methods such as hypnotherapy and hydrotherapy

Explicación

Pregunta 56 de 77

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

( Reality, Fantasy, Surreality ) testing in CBT involves the patient and psychologist discussing how likely their beliefs are to be ( true, interesting, schizophrenic ). It also involves considering less ( threatening, interesting, boring ) possibilities linked to their beliefs. As well as this, CBT helps patients recognise the link between hallucinations/delusions and their feelings/behaviour.

Explicación

Pregunta 57 de 77

1

CBT helps patients cope with their symptoms, but does not cure them.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 58 de 77

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Personal therapy is an approach to ( CBT, drug therapy, family ). The aim of personal therapy is to ( evaluate, describe, overcome ) the experiences of a patient, including triggers and consequences. Patients are then provided with strategies to cope with their issues. There are four techniques developed:
1. ( Distraction for, Discussion of, Evaluation of ) intrusive thoughts
2. ( Challenging, Describing, Agreeing with the ) meaning of thoughts
3. ( Increase/decrease, Increase, Decrease ) in social activity to distract from low mood
4. ( Relaxation, Avoidance, Activity ) techniques
Personal therapy also helps patients recently discharged from hospital to deal with daily life e.g. recognising signs of relapse.

Explicación

Pregunta 59 de 77

1

What did NICE discover about CBT when comparing it to drug therapy?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Drug therapy was more effective- improved functioning, lower relapse rates, reduced symptom severity
CBT was more effective- improved functioning, lower relapse rates, reduced symptom severity
CBT improved functioning, but drug therapy reduced symptom severity
CBT reduced symptom severity, but drug therapy improved functioning

Explicación

Pregunta 60 de 77

1

❌ (2014) did a ❌ of CBT as a treatment for schizophrenia, and found it had ❌ therapeutic effect. Additionally, if researchers didn't know which patients were treated with CBT, the effect ❌, suggesting the researcher may have been actively looking for improvements when they knew who had been through CBT, so the improvements may be over-emphasised. This therefore indicates that CBT ❌ as effective as previously suggested.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Jauhar

Fromm-Reichmann

NICE

Pharoah

meta-analysis

experiment

lab study

a small

no

a significant

disappeared

was enhanced

isn't

is

Explicación

Pregunta 61 de 77

1

Which two of the below statements are evaluative statements about CBT?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

CBT doesn't produce negative side effects like drug therapy
CBT can effectively cure schizophrenia
CBT is more expensive in the short term than drug therapy
CBT is liable to produce long term negative side effects
CBT has been proven to be ineffective in producing any therapeutic effect

Explicación

Pregunta 62 de 77

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

( Family, Drug ) therapy aims to improve faulty communication in families, specifically treating ( negative, positive ) expressed emotion (hostility, criticism, emotional over-involvement). It involves the presence of ( all, some, most ) family members, and all must be ( completely, mostly, somewhat ) open. Strategies to improve communication include ( removing, increasing, acknowledging ) burden of care (sharing care of schizophrenic family member), removing feelings of guilt, and ( decreasing, increasing, acknowledging, identifying ) negative forms of communication.

Explicación

Pregunta 63 de 77

1

Name 3 aims of the strategies used in family therapy

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Reduce relapse rates
Increase compliance to medication
Reduce stress
Increase admission to hospital
Induce stress
Stabilise relapse rates
Decrease compliance to medication

Explicación

Pregunta 64 de 77

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Pharoah (2010) found that ( family therapy, CBT, drug therapy ) ( increased, decreased ) compliance to medication and therefore ( decreased, increased ) relapse rates.

Explicación

Pregunta 65 de 77

1

Pick three evaluative statements for family therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Improvements in functioning may be due to drug therapy
Improvements in functioning may be due to CBT
Improves negative symptoms such as social withdrawal
Improves positive symptoms such as hallucinations
Families don't always want to be honest
Families typically will be fully open

Explicación

Pregunta 66 de 77

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Token economies are a form of management for schizophrenia, used to ( modify, increase, identify ) maladaptive symptoms caused by ( institutionalisation, operationalisation, internalisation ). It is based on ( operant, classical ) conditioning and is useful for ( long, short ) term patients in psychiatric wards.
Clinicians develop a list of behaviours that they believe will improve a patient's engagement in daily life, such as getting out of bed or brushing teeth. If a patient carries out this behaviour, they are ( immediately, later ) rewarded with a token (( secondary, primary ) reinforcer) which can be exchanged for a reward such as sweets or magazines.

Explicación

Pregunta 67 de 77

1

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Azran and Ayllan (1968) did a study into the effectiveness of ( token economies, family therapy, drug therapy, CBT ). They studied ( female, male, child ) patients in a psychiatric wards and found that those who did token economy systems ( exhibited, didn't exhibit ) the desired behaviours set by clinicians, suggesting token economy ( is, isn't ) effective.

Explicación

Pregunta 68 de 77

1

Pick 3 evaluative statements for token economy

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Not effective long term- high relapse rates
Effective long term- low relapse rates
Unethical- rewards were basic human rights
Patients are more active, so staff respect them more
Effectively cures schizophrenia

Explicación

Pregunta 69 de 77

1

The interactionist approach to schizophrenia
This approach suggests that the interaction of 3 main factors causes the onset of schizophrenia
1. ❌: genes, dopamine hypothesis, neural correlates
2. ❌: stress, anxiety, poor cognitive functioning
3. ❌: family dysfunction

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Biological

Philosophical

Psychological

Psycho-pathological

Social

Sociological

Cognitive

Explicación

Pregunta 70 de 77

1

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The diathesis-stress model
( Diathesis, Stressor ): vulnerability
( Stressor, Diathesis ): trigger

Original diathesis-stress model for schizophrenia
Diathesis: ( genetic, psychological, traumatic ) vulnerability- the schizogene (one gene which leads to development of the schizotypic personality, characterised by sensitivity to stress)
Stressor: ( environmental, psychological, genetic ) trigger- stress in childhood e.g. schizophrenogenic mother

Modern diathesis-stress model
Diathesis: ( not necessarily, always ) a genetic vulnerability, and multiple genes are involved. Psychological trauma can also cause vulnerability
Stressor: the stressor is ( not necessarily, always ) just psychological, it is simply any factor which increases the risk of the onset of schizophrenia e.g. smoking cannabis

Explicación

Pregunta 71 de 77

1

What is the most common combination of treatments in the interactonist approach?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

CBT+ family therapy
Drug therapy+ CBT
Family therapy+ token economy
Drug therapy+ token economy

Explicación

Pregunta 72 de 77

1

Houston (2008) concluded that childhood sexual trauma created vulnerability for schizophrenia, while cannabis use acted as the trigger. However, this research has been criticised. What is a limitation of the findings?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Not all schizophrenics experience childhood sexual trauma or cannabis use- not a full explanation
Smoking cannabis may be a symptom of schizophrenia, not the trigger
External factors such as smoking play no role in the onset of schizophrenia, according to the interactionist approach

Explicación

Pregunta 73 de 77

1

Which researcher found that adopted children with schizophrenic biological mothers and with adoptive mothers that showed high levels of negative expressed emotion were more likely to develop schizophrenia themselves, hence supporting the interactionist approach?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Tienari et al.
NICE
Houston et al.
Meehl

Explicación

Pregunta 74 de 77

1

What did Tienari's research suggest about the interactionist approach?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

That children with a genetic vulnerability and a childhood characterised by negative expressed emotion were most likely to develop schizophrenia- both a vulnerability and a trigger is needed
That children with a genetic vulnerability but a normal childhood were most likely to develop schizophrenia- vulnerability is needed, but not a trigger
That children with a childhood characterised by negative expressed emotion were most likely to develop schizophrenia- trigger is needed, but not a genetic vulnerability

Explicación

Pregunta 75 de 77

1

Name limitations of Tienari's study of the interactionist approach

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

It blames the mother
It is subjective- assessment of child-rearing style
Cultural relativism- child rearing style varies in different countries
It blames the entire family
It is too objective- use of statistics and lab studies
Gender bias- only studied male children with their mothers

Explicación

Pregunta 76 de 77

1

Which researcher carried out a study into interactionist treatment for schizophrenia in which one group received medication and CBT, one group received medication and support counselling, and one group received just medication, and found the 2 combination groups showed greater reduction in symptoms compared to the medication. These findings also indicated that schizophrenia isn't solely biological.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Tarrier
Tienari
Fromm-Reichmann
Houston
Ripke

Explicación

Pregunta 77 de 77

1

'While research such as Tarrier's support the interactionist approach, it is possible that the cause of schizophrenia is not necessarily an interaction between biological and psychological. It is difficult to tell if, in the experiments where effectiveness of interactionist treatments is measured, it is actually just one treatment making the difference. We cannot be entirely sure, therefore, whether an interaction between the two factors is the cause of schizophrenia.'
Is this statement true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

	Creado por Grace Fawcitt hace más de 6 años

AQA A Level Psychology- Schizophrenia. This quiz includes symptoms, diagnosis/classification, explanations, and treatments of schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia Quiz- Psychology (A2)

Pregunta 1 de 77

Match the definition to the key term

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

DSM 5 10 2( 5, 10, 2 ): Must have one two+( one, two+ ) positive negative( positive, negative ) symptoms to be diagnosed ICD 10 5 2( 10, 5, 2 ): Must have two+ one( two+, one ) negative positive( negative, positive ) symptoms to be diagnosed

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 77

❌ how common a medical disorder is ❌ when two or more disorders occur at the same time If conditions occur together a lot of the time, this questions the reliability and validity of the diagnosis and classification, because they may in fact be ❌.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 77

❌ et al. investigated the extent to which schizophrenics also suffered from other conditions. Findings: 50% also suffer from ❌ 47% also suffer from ❌ 29% also suffer from ❌ 23% also suffer from ❌

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 77

Buckley's study into comorbidity suggested that substance abuse and schizophrenia were the most commonly comorbid, with PTSD being the least.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 77

Label the image with the correct concordance rates and shared genes, as investigated by Gottesman (1991)

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 77

What can be concluded from Gottesman's study of concordance rates in schizophrenics?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 77

Name one issue with Gottesman's study of concordance rates in schizophrenics

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 77

It is believed that schizophrenia is polygenic and has multiple candidate genes. What does the term 'polygenic' mean?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 77

Which researcher investigated candidate genes and when?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 77

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 77

What is an issue with schizophrenia having multiple candidate genes?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 77

DSM ( 5, 10, 2 ): Must have ( one, two+ ) ( positive, negative ) symptoms to be diagnosed
ICD ( 10, 5, 2 ): Must have ( two+, one ) ( negative, positive ) symptoms to be diagnosed

❌ how common a medical disorder is
❌ when two or more disorders occur at the same time

If conditions occur together a lot of the time, this questions the reliability and validity of the diagnosis and classification, because they may in fact be ❌.

❌ et al. investigated the extent to which schizophrenics also suffered from other conditions.
Findings:
50% also suffer from ❌
47% also suffer from ❌
29% also suffer from ❌
23% also suffer from ❌

Hyperdopaminergia: occurs in the ❌ and involves ❌ levels of dopamine. Symptoms include ❌ and ❌
Hypodopaminergia: occurs in the ❌ and involves ❌ levels of dopamine. Symptoms include ❌ and ❌

The three forms of negative expressed emotions:
1. ❌- scrutinising the individual, sometimes involves violence
2. ❌- anger and rejection of individual
3. ❌- being overly involved in the individual's personal life