Compendium 8 How do we control ourselves?

Pregunta 1 de 82

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Functions of the nervous system include (select five)

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Maintaining homeostasis
Establish and maintain mental activity
Motor output
Integrating information
Receives sensory input - Internal & External
Primarily responsible for cellular respiration

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 82

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Functions of the nervous system include maintaining homeostasis

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Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 82

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The Two main structural divisions of the nervous system are:

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Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic and Autonomic system
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 82

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The Central Nervous System (CNS) comprises of the Brain and spinal cord

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Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 82

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The Central Nervous System (CNS) comprises of the spinal nerves, cranial and sensory nerves

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Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 82

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprises of the spinal nerves sensory and cranial nerves

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Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 82

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprises of the brain and spinal cord

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Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 82

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The divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System comprise of:

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Autonomic, Somatic and Enteric
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent)

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 82

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The Central Nervous System comprises of the Enteric Nervous System

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Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 82

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The division of the Autonomic nervous system comprise of Motor (efferent) and Sensory (afferent)

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Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 82

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Terminology:

• ❌: basic structural unit of the nervous system
• ❌: nerve fiber
• ❌: bundle of axons (or nerve fibers) and their sheaths (outer covering)
• ❌: separate specialised cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and other stimuli
• ❌: electrical signal
• ❌: the organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place

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Neuron (nerve cell)

Axon

Nerve

Sensory receptors

Action potential

Effector organ or effector cell

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 82

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An Axon is a nerve fiber

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Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 82

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Effector organ or effector cell is an organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place

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Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 82

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Axon: the organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place

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Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 82

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Neurons (nerve cells) are separate specialized cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and other stimuli

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Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 82

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• ❌: collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS
• ❌: extensive network of axons or cell bodies

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Plexus

Ganglion

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 82

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Ganglion: collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS

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Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 82

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Plexus: extensive network of axons or cell bodies

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Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 82

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Ganglion: extensive network of axons or cell bodies

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Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 82

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Plexus: collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS

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Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 82

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What is a Synapse?

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Junction of a neuron with another cell e.g. end of a neuron with a muscle cell or another neuron
Extensive network of axons or cell bodies
Collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 82

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Select the correct subdivision this information pertains to:

• Involuntary and under subconscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands
• Two-neuron system
• Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion

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Autonomic subdivision
Somatic subdivision

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 82

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Autonomic subdivision:
• Involuntary and under subconscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands
• Two-neuron system
• Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion

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Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 82

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Somatic subdivision:

• Involuntary and under subconscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands
• Two-neuron system
• Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion

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Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 82

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Which subdivision does this information pertain to?

• Voluntary and under conscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to skeletal muscles
• Single neuron system
• Cell bodies are located in the CNS

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Somatic subdivision
Autonomic subdivision

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 82

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In the Somatic subdivision, action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to
skeletal muscles

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Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 82

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In the Somatic subdivision, cell bodies are located in the CNS

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Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 82

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Single neuron system is part of the

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Autonomic subdivision
Somatic subdivision

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 82

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The two-neuron system is part of the:

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Autonomic subdivision
Somatic subdivision

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 82

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Somatic subdivision: Voluntary and under conscious control

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Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 82

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Autonomic subdivision: Voluntary and under conscious control

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Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 82

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Autonomic subdivision: Involuntary and under subconscious control

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Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 82

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Somatic subdivision: Involuntary and under subconscious control

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Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 82

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Autonomic subdivision: Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion

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Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 82

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The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 82

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The somatic nervous system (SNS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 82

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The autonomic nervous system functions to regulate the body's unconscious actions.

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Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 82

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The sympathetic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response.

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Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 82

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The autonomic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response.

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Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 82

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Types of functional classification of neurons:

• ❌ – information to the CNS
• ❌ – information away from the CNS
• ❌ – information from one neuron to another neuron

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Sensory (afferent) neuron

Motor (efferent) neuron

Inter-neuron

Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 82

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Motor (efferent) neuron – information away from the CNS

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Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 82

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Motor (efferent) neuron – information to the CNS

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Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 82

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Select the Three types of structural classification of Neurons

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• Multipolar
• Bipolar
• Unipolar
• Dipolar
• Midpolar

Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 82

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❌ neurons are a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons.

❌ neurons are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.

❌ neurons are the most common type of sensory neuron. In addition to pain and image description, touch etc. they also carry information about temperature, taste.

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Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 82

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Select Three correct statements about Astrocytes

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support of the cells that comprise the blood-brain barrier
maintaining the extracellular ion balance
supplying nutrients to nerve tissue
phagocytic of debric and small bacteria

Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 82

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Astrocytes form a supporting framework for blood vessels and neurons. They also assist in the formation of tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries

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Explicación

Pregunta 47 de 82

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Astrocytes contribute to differentiation of the blood–brain barrier.

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Explicación

Pregunta 48 de 82

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Ependymal cell, type of neuronal support cell (neuroglia) that forms the epithelial lining of the ventricles (cavities) in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

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Explicación

Pregunta 49 de 82

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The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced from arterial blood by the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles by a combined process of diffusion, pinocytosis and active transfer. A small amount is also produced by ependymal cells.

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Explicación

Pregunta 50 de 82

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Select the Three correct statements

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Ependymal cells are mostly known as the cell type lining the brain ventricles.
Ependymal cells are mostly known as the cell type situated mostly in the PNS
Ependymal cells are also thought to participate in the control of water transport and ion homeostasis.
Ependymal cells cilia assist in the circulation of CSF

Explicación

Pregunta 51 de 82

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Ependymal cells cilia assist in the circulation of CSF

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Explicación

Pregunta 52 de 82

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Ependymal cells cilia assist in the circulation of Mucus

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Explicación

Pregunta 53 de 82

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Microglial cells monitor the health of surrounding neurons and phagocytose microorganisms, infection, trauma or inflammation.

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Explicación

Pregunta 54 de 82

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Ependymal cells monitor the health of surrounding neurons and phagocytose microorganisms, infection, trauma or inflammation.

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Explicación

Pregunta 55 de 82

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As the resident macrophage cells, microglial cells act as the first and main form of active immune defence in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Explicación

Pregunta 56 de 82

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Oligodendrocytes form the isolating sheath around the axons, which is essential for fast signal conduction.

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Explicación

Pregunta 57 de 82

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Schwann cells are the supporting cells of the PNS.

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Explicación

Pregunta 58 de 82

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Schwann cells are the supporting cells of the CNS.

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Explicación

Pregunta 59 de 82

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❌ wrap themselves around numerous ❌ at once, where as single ❌ make up a single segment of an axon's ❌.

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Oligodendrocytes

axons

schwann cells

myelin sheath

Explicación

Pregunta 60 de 82

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Satellite cells:
• Provide support and nutrition to cell bodies in ganglia
• Protect cell bodies from harmful substances

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Explicación

Pregunta 61 de 82

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Myelinated axons have a node of Ranvier

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Explicación

Pregunta 62 de 82

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Unmyelinated axons do not have a node of Ranvier

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Explicación

Pregunta 63 de 82

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❌: BRAIN: outer cortex of brain and nuclei. SPINAL CORD: inner “grey” part
❌: BRAIN: deeper nerve tracts. SPINAL CORD: outer part

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Grey Matter

White Matter

Explicación

Pregunta 64 de 82

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A resting (non-signaling) neuron has a voltage across its membrane called the

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resting membrane potential, or simply the resting potential.
action potential

Explicación

Pregunta 65 de 82

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Neurons generate electrical signals through brief, controlled changes in the permeability of their cell membrane to particular ions such as Na+ and K+.

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Explicación

Pregunta 66 de 82

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If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be ❌.

If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be ❌.

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depolarized

hyperpolarized

Explicación

Pregunta 67 de 82

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If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be hyperpolarized.
If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be depolarized.

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Explicación

Pregunta 68 de 82

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If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be depolarized.
If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be hyperpolarized.

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Explicación

Pregunta 69 de 82

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Where does the resting membrane potential come from?

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The resting membrane potential is determined by the uneven distribution of ions (charged particles) between the inside and the outside the cell, and by the different permeability of the membrane to different types of ions.
The resting membrane potential is determined by the even distribution of ions (uncharged particles) between the inside and the outside the cell, and by the different permeability of the membrane to different types of ions.

Explicación

Pregunta 70 de 82

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Types of ions found in neurons

In neurons and their surrounding fluid, the most abundant ions are:
Positively charged: ❌
Negatively charged: ❌

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Sodium and potassium

Chloride and organic anion

Explicación

Pregunta 71 de 82

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Ion channels are the ubiquitous trans-membrane proteins that allow the selective transport of ions and solutes across the plasma membrane.

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Explicación

Pregunta 72 de 82

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❌
• Also known as ‘leak’ ion channels
• Ion specific
• Cell membrane has more K+ leak ion channels compared to Na+ leak ion channels

❌ – require signals to open them
(1) Ligand-gated ion channel
(2) Voltage-gated ion channel
(3) Other-gated ion channel

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Non-gated ion channels

Gated ion channels

Explicación

Pregunta 73 de 82

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❌ ion channels open in response to voltage ❌ where as ❌ channels open in response to a ligand ❌ binding to them. Both types of channels are critical for proper activation of the post synaptic neuron.

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Voltage gated

ligand gated

(i.e. when the cell gets depolarized)

(some chemical signal)

Explicación

Pregunta 74 de 82

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Repolarisation – membrane potential returns to normal

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Explicación

Pregunta 75 de 82

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❌: the difference in charge across the cell membrane in a resting or unstimulated cell
❌: the difference in charge across the cell membrane

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Resting membrane potential

Membrane potential

Explicación

Pregunta 76 de 82

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Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none.

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Explicación

Pregunta 77 de 82

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Afterpotential – short period of hyperpolarisation of an action potential

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Explicación

Pregunta 78 de 82

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Resting membrane potential:
• All gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
• K+ leak channels (not visible on this image) are open which allow movement of K+ to the outside of the cell. This creates a negative intracellular charge = RMP.
• Na+/K+ pump also creates the RMP

❌
• Na+ gated channels open and Na+ moves into the cell and inside of the cell becomes more positive.
• K+ gated channels are closed.
• Membrane potential becomes more positive.

❌
• Na+ gated channels close.
• K+ gated channels open and K+ moves out of the cell and the intracellular side becomes more negative.
• Membrane potential becomes more negative.

❌
• Na+ gated channels close.
• K+ gated channels close as well but they close slowly so K+ continues to leave the cell and this produces the afterpotential.
• Membrane potential becomes very negative

❌
• Na+ gated channels are closed.
• K+ gated channels are closed.
• Resting membrane potential is re-established by Na+/K+ pump (an active process as it is against their concentration gradients) which redistribute ions as all Na+ and K+ gated channels are closed.

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Depolarisation:

Repolarisation:

Afterpotential:

Resting membrane potential:

Explicación

Pregunta 79 de 82

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2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
1. ❌

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Graded potential

Repolarization

Afterpotential

Depolarization

Explicación

Pregunta 80 de 82

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Reflex arc diagram -

1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. ❌
6. ❌
7. ❌
8. ❌

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Interneuron

Dorsal root

Dorsal root ganglion

Sensory neuron

Sensory receptor

Ventral root

Motor neuron

Effector organ

Explicación

Pregunta 81 de 82

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Sensory receptors: separate specialised cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and other
stimuli

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Explicación

Pregunta 82 de 82

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Neuroglia are cells other than neurons found within the nervous system. These cells have a
supportive role. There are ❌ different neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and ❌ in the
peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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	Creado por Jessica Bulley hace más de 8 años