Kayla Velasquez
#7 pg. 329: What is the correct sequence of steps to the pain pathway?
A. Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
B. Modulation, transduction, perception, transmission
C. Transduction, modulation, transmission, perception
D. Transmission, transduction, modulation, perception

Kayla Velasquez
#19 pg. 330: Visceral pain is quite common among companion animals. Which of the following is not an example of visceral pain?
A. Pancreatitis
B. Gastroenteritis
C. Bowel ischemia
D. Osteosarcoma

Kayla Velasquez
#29 pg. 331: Which of the following is the most common sign of osteoarthritic pain in cats?
A. Hiding from company
B. Eating fewer meals
C. Reduced frequency of jumping up to high places
D. Sleeping all day

Priscilla Angeles
#250 pg. 346

Which of the following opioids would be the best choice for ER patients who have experienced some sort or head trauma and may need serial neurological exams?
a. Morphine
b. Methadone
c. Fentanyl
d. Remifentanil

Priscilla Angeles
#257 pg. 346

Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a role in the process of pain perception as well as in the vomiting reflex?
a. Substance P
b. TrpV1
c. Epinephrine
d. Norepinephrine

Kelly Wieghmink
#91 (pg 335)
What pain scoring systems are available for horses?
a. Obel Laminitis Pain Scale
b. AAEP lameness grade definition
c. Horse Grimace Scale
d. All of the above

Kelly Wieghmink
#105 (pg 336)
What type of needle is recommended for an epidural catheter?
a. Tuohy-type
b. Butterfly catheter needle
c. 16-gauage IV catheter needle
d. Auto-vac needle

Malissa Parr
#47 pg. 333

If a tourniquet is used when injecting a local anesthetic intravenously, the block is referred to as the:
a. Baer's block
b. Bayer's block
c. Byer's block
d. Bier's block

Malissa Parr
#121 pg. 337

A traumatic cause of OA in dogs includes obesity as a risk factor. What is the most common traumatic cause of OA in dogs?
a. Ruptured cruciate ligaments
b. Torn Achilles group
c. Hip dysplasia
d. Phalangeal fracture

Alyson Zillner
#18, pg. 330

Which of the following describes a myofasical trigger point?

A. A point in the muscle at which a reflex can be elicited
B. A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
C. A painful area of sustained muscle contraction that cannot easily self-release
D. A technique where needles are used to pierce the skin at certain points to bring about a physiologic change to treat or prevent disease

Alyson Zillner
#43, pg. 332

In the Pain Buster Soaker catheter, the local anesthetic is delivered by:

A. Elastomeric reservoir pump
B. CRI
C. Syringe pump
IV infusion

Alyson Zillner
#67, pg. 334

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a form of:

A. LLLT
B. NEMS
C. EEG
D. EMG

Danya Yarce
40. Which of the following is not one of the 3 primary factors included in a quality-of-life scale?
A. Social factors
B. Interpersonal factors
C. Physical factors
D. Behavioral factors

49. Which of the following statements is not true regarding acupuncture?
A. The points and channels of acupuncture follow neurovascular pathways
B. Acupuncture treats pain by inducing neuromodulation along peripheral, central, and autonomic pathways
C. Acupuncture treatments can involve: needling, electroacupuncture, low-level laser, and manual pressure
D. Acupuncture relies on nonspecific identification of the structures responsible for generating pain

Danya Yarce
101. What are the advantages of an interpleural block over the intercostal block?
A. Ability to redose easily
B. Ease of administration
C. Ability to provide analgesia following median sternotomy
D. All of the above

Kimara Kavanagh
#53 pg. 333
Herbs used for COX inhibition do NOT include:
a. ginger
b. devils claw
c. capsaicin
d. white willow bark

Kimara Kavanagh
#141 pg. 339
Where do the peripheral nerve fibers A-delta and C fibers terminate?
a. the brain
b. the hypothalamus
c. the skin
d. the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Kimara Kavanagh
#258 pg. 347
Which of the following analgesic adjuncts works to block NK-1 receptors and subsequent activation of substance P?
a. gabapentin
b. amantadine
c. maropitant
d. bisphosphonates

Michelle Cashpal
#8 p 329
Which of the following describes "wind up"?
a. An increase in the excitability of spinal neurons, mediated in part by the activation of NMDA receptors in dorsal horn neurons.
b. it occurs when tissue inflammation leads to the release of a complex array of chemical mediators, resulting in reduced nociceptor thresholds.
c. When brief trauma or noxious stimulus result in physiological pain.
d. The perceived increase in pain intensity with time when a given painful stimulus is delivered repeatedly in excess of a critical rate.

Michelle Cashpal
#39 p 332
The Colorado State University Veterinary Medical Center Acute Pain Scale uses which of the following options as an indication of pain?
a. Number scale
b. Recorded sounds
c. Artistic renderings of animals at various levels of pain
d. Happy to sad faces

Michelle Cashpal
#134 p 338
What are the two main nerve fiber types associated with transmitting pain sensation information to the central nervous system?
a. A-delta and C-fibers
b. A-beta and C-fibers
c. A-nociceptors and C nociceptors
d. Interleukins and substance P

Hallie Volman
#46 pg. 332
The sciatic nerve block provides analgesia to the:
a. Medial portion of the thigh, tibia, and tarsus and akinesia of the quadriceps femoris muscle
b. Caudal muscles of the thigh
c. Portions distal to the elbow
d. Lumbosacral space and the first or second intercoccygeal space

Hallie Volman
#152 pg 339
Which of the following painful conditions is not an example of chronic pain?
a. Osteoarthritis
b. Chronic otitis externa
c. Incisional pain following castration
d. Prolonged cancer treatment

Hallie Volman
#254 pg. 347
Which drug class acts by preventing the loss of bone mass by blocking osteoclasts and helping to manage osteosarcoma pain?
a. Opioids
b. Bisphosphonates
c. Gabapentinoids
d. Neurokinin-1 inhibitors

Jennifer Navarro
#5 pg.329
Which guidelines have elevated pain to the fourth vital sign?
a. American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologist's Pain Management Guidelines
b. The international Veterinary Academy of Pain Management's Guidelines
c. AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats
d. The AVMA Pain Management Guidelines

Jennifer Navarro
#58 pg.333
The primary benefit of cryokinetics is to:
a. Aid the patient's ability to perform pain-free, low level exercise
b. Cool down a body that is overheating
c. Allow an athlete to compete at the highest levels with no pain
d. Take the place of local anesthetic injections in advance of athletic stress

Jennifer Navarro
#59 pg.333
Cold or white skin after a 20-minutes cryotherapy session may indicate:
a. circulation is restored and normal
b. Possible cold-induced tissue damage
c. The need for external heat creams or rubs
d. The need for more melanin in the diet

Melissa Siauw
#159, pg 340: The inflammatory mediator histamine originates where?
A. Mast cells
B. Damaged tissue
C. C-fibers
D. a-delta fibers

Melissa Siauw
#215, pg 344: Which of the following does NOT function as NMBA receptor antagonist?
A. Ketamine
B. Methadone
C. Hydromorphone
D. Amantidine

Melissa Siauw
#242 pg 346: What is the standard dose of lidocaine that should be administered as a "loading" dose before starting a lidocaine CRI?
A. 1mg/kg IV
B. 2mg/kg IV
C. 0.2mg/kg IV
D. No loading dose is needed

Erika Gutierrez
#12 pg. 330
Which of the Following classes of drugs would include gabapentin?
a. Corticosteroids
b.Sodium channel blockers
c. Antiepileptics
d. Neutraceuticals

Kylie Morales
pg 333 # 56
When should cyrotherapy be applied for best response?
a. during acute inflammatory phase of tissue healing
b. after exercise to lessen infammatory response
c. immediately following surgery
d. all of the above

Kylie Morales
pg 334 #71
a. pregnancy
b. osteoarthritis
c. neoplasms
d. heart disease

Erika Gutierrez
#178 pg. 341
Which of the following can be used to reverse all the opioids agonist effects at all receptors?
a. Butorphanol
b. Naloxone hydrochloride
c. Morphine
d. Hydromorphone

Jennifer McCaleb
#57 pg 333
Caution should be used with cryotherapy if a patient has...
a. a large percentage of fat
b. localized vascular compromise
c. areas of previous frostbite
d. b and c

Jennifer McCaleb
# 197 pg 343
What nerve block is commonly used to desensitize nerves and add additional analgesia to an onychectomy procedure
a. retrobulbar block
b. epidural
c. circumferential nerve block
d. sacrococcygeal nerve block

Ramon Ortiz
(pg.330)
17. What is a benefit of cryotherapy?
a. Decreased metabolism so patient is less hungry
b. Decreased production of pain mediators, leading to analgesia
c. Prevention of hyperthermia
d. Useful 2–3 weeks post injury

Ramon Ortiz
(Pg.330)
21. Veterinary technicians that advocate for pain management are most closely compared to what group of nurses?
a. Orthopedic nurses
b. Psychiatric nurses
c. Human neonatal and pediatric nurses d. Emergency and critical care nurses

Michelle Antonio
#45 pg. 315
The rapid intravenous administration of large amounts of potassium can result in:
A. Respiratory arrest
B. Cardiac arrest
C. Polyuria
D. Polydipsia

Michelle Antonio
#64 pg.316
Which of the following would petechiation on the mucous membranes indicate?
A. Hemoglobinemia
B. Methemoglobinemia
C. Mygoglobemia
D. Thrombocytopenia

Michelle Antonio
#142 pg. 322
Which toxicity will cause salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation?
A. Acetaminophen
B. Grapes
C. Lilies
D. Organophosphates

Ariel Campos
#32.) In cats, some diseases cause behavioral changes that are often been ascribed to “old age” rather than pain. Examples include all of the following, except:
A. Facet pain of spondylosis
B. Intervertebral disc disease
C. Osteoarthritis
D. Basal cell tumor

Ariel Campos
#48.) An epidural injection in a dog is injected between:
A. L7-S1
B. L4-L5
C. L5-L6
D. S1-S2

Stephany Tohaza
#3 pg. 329
3) During hospitalization, how often should a pain assessment be performed?
A. Every 4-6 hours
B. Every 30 minutes to 1 hour
C. Every 12-24 hours
D. Every 8 hours

Stephany Tohaza
#60 pg.333
60) Cryotherapy can include:
A. Ice packs
B. Cold immersion baths
C. Ice massage
D. All of the above

Shelby Milosch
#123 pg. 337
What inhibits the aggrecanase enzyme responsible for cartilage degradation in cats?
a. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
b. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
c. Arachidonic acid (AA)
d. Methionine

Shelby Milosch
#145 pg.339
Which of the following answers represents the three zones of gray matter in the spinal cord?
a. dorsal horn, ventral horn, intermediate zone
b. dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn
c. dorsal horn, intermediate zone, central zone
d. Ventral horn, lateral horn, white matter

Avery Jemine
#34 pg.332
The "gold standard" to assess pain is
A. A physiological assessment
B. A clinical pathological assessment
C. A behavioral assessment
D. There is none

Avery Jemine
#72 pg.334
Which tool is used to measure passive range of motion in companion animals?
A. Calipers
B. Slide rule
C. Goniometer
D. Oliometer

Stacey Perlman
#201 pg.343
To prolong the duration of action because of vasoconstriction, lidocaine is often available in combination with what other drug?
A.Buptivicaine
B.Epinephrine
C.Atropine
D.Dexmedetomidine
Answer-B-Epinephrine

Stacey Perlman
#232 pg.345
Which of the following opioids is commonly used for epidural analgesia?
A.Morphine
B.Buprenorphine
C.Bupivicaine
D.Lidocaine

Stacey Perlman
#233 pg.345
Which of the following take-home medicines should be reserved for canine patients only?
A.Acepromazine
B.Tramadol
C.Tylendol with Codeine
D.Fentanyl Patch
e