Habituation

Decreased sensory response to a repeated stimulus

Increase in the strength of the response to a repeated stimulus

Classical conditioning

He noticed that with repeated testing, the dogs began to salivate before the food was presented, such as when they heard the footsteps of the approaching experimenter.

Acquisition

Neutral stimuli

Unconditioned Stimulus

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

UCS

CS

UCR

CR

Stimulus that innately has a response

A stimulus that gains value through learning

Reflexive unlearned response to innately important stimulus

Conditioned response

Ex: food

Ex: Sight of Favourite restaurant

Salvation in response to food

Feeling hungry when you see your favourite restaurant

Extinction

Spontaneous recovery

a CR occurs to stimuli other than the original CS, based on the similarity of these stimuli to the CS

occurrence of a CR to one stimulus but not to another stimulus

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE...E.TC

in classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after it is paired with another CS (rather than with the original UCS)

Therapeutic techniques designed to extinguish anxiety responses by exposing clients to anxiety-arousing stimuli or situations while preventing escape or avoidance

the pairing of a CS that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response with a noxious UCS in an attempt to condition repulsion toward the CS

Thorndike

Thorndike's concept that a response followed by satisfying consequences will become more likely to occur, whereas a response followed by unsatisfying consequences will become less likely to occur

Operant conditioning

an experimental chamber in which animals learn to perform operant responses, such as bar presses or pecking responses, so that the learning process can be studied

the strengthening of a response by an outcome that follows it

Punishment

Discriminative stimulus

a response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a (positive) stimulus

a response is strengthened by the subsequent removal of a (noxious) stimulus

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

occurs when a response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a (noxious) stimulus

the removal of a (positive) stimulus following an undesired response to weaken it (e.g., TV privileges are taken away from a misbehaving child who wants attention)

Primary reinforcers

a stimulus that acquires reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

the ability to forgo immediate rewards for delayed but more satisfying outcomes

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcement begins with a behaviour that the organism can already perform, and then is made contingent on behaviours that increasingly approximate the final desired behaviour

an operant conditioning procedure used to develop a sequence (chain) of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response

an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus that is similar to the original antecedent stimulus

an operant response occurs when a particular antecedent stimulus is present, but not when another antecedent stimulus is present

Continuous reinforcement schedule

a schedule in which reinforcement follows some correct responses but not others

a reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a constant number of correct responses

a schedule in which reinforcement is based on an average but variable number of responses

a reinforcement schedule in which the first correct response occurring after a constant time interval is reinforced

a schedule in which reinforcement follows the first correct response that occurs after an average (but variable) time interval following the last reinforced response

a form of learning in which the organism learns to perform a behaviour to escape from an aversive stimulus

the conditioning of an organism to perform a response to avoid an undesirable consequence

theory that avoidance learning first involves the classical conditioning of fear, followed by learning operant responses that avoid an anticipated aversive stimulus and thus are reinforced by anxiety reduction

a procedure in which desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens or points that can later be redeemed for other reinforcers

also called <em>behaviour modification</em>) in which operant conditioning is combined with scientific data collection to solve individual and societal problems

The caged animals experiment

the notion that evolutionary factors have produced an innate readiness to learn certain associations that have had survival implications in the past

a learned repulsion to a food that formerly was neutral or desired, by virtue of pairing the food with an aversive UCS (e.g., nausea, stomach illness)

the tendency for innate behaviours to override a conditioning procedure, thus making it difficult to create or maintain a conditioned response

in Gestalt psychology, the sudden perception of a useful relationship or a solution to a problem; in psychoanalysis, the conscious awareness of unconscious dynamics that underlie psychological problems

a mental representation of the spatial layout of an area

learning through observing the behaviour of a model

the view that hypnotic experiences occur because people are highly motivated to assume the role of being “hypnotized”

Bandura's former name for <em>social-cognitive theory.</em>

the conviction that we can perform the behaviours necessary to produce a desired outcome