Destructive waves

Constructive waves

Hydraulic action

Corrasion

Corrosion (solution)

Attrition

Waves

Physical weathering

Chemical weathring

Biological weathering

Mass movement

Soil creep

Slumping

Headlands and bays

Cliffs and wave cut platforms

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps

Longshore drift

Beaches

Spits

Bars and Tombolo

Factors affecting rate of coastline recession

Coastal recession on the North Norfolk coas

Happisburgh

Walton-on-the-Naze Location

Walton on the Naze causes of coastal recession

Walton on the Naze potential impact

Walton on the Naze management strategies used

Hard engineering: Rip rap

Hard engineering: Recurved seawall

Hard engineering: Groynes

Hard engineering: Gabions

Hard engineering: Offshore reef

Soft engineering: Beach replenishment

Soft engineering: Cliff regrading

Soft engineering: Managed retreat