Intro to Psychology ch. 2

Which Nobel prize-winning psychologist proposed the idea that there are two different types of thinking systems, one that works intuitively and another that works analytically?

Kahneman.
Piaget.
Newman.
Zarski.

When Anya sees an item at the toy store, she buys it without thinking. Her intuition tells her that her daughter will love it as a Christmas gift. This is an example of ____ thinking in Daniel Kahneman's model.

Divergent.
Convergent.
System 2.
System 1.

Watching behavior in real-world settings while doing your best to avoid influencing those you are watching is known as ____.

Case Study.
Correlation design.
Naturalistic observation.
Existence proof.

The extent to which it is possible to draw cause-and-effect conclusions from a given research project describes the study's ____ validity.

Construct.
Cohesive.
External.
Internal.

Vincent is designing a research study as part of his master's thesis. He wants to do a laboratory study where he can control as many variables as possible, but he is concerned that his findings will not generalize very well from the laboratory setting to the real world. In technical terms, Vincent is concerned about the ____ of his study.

Internal validity.
Test-retest reliability.
External validity.
Confound reliability.

This research design involves an extremely deep and detailed information gathering from a single individual or a small number of people, often over an extended period of time.

Case study design.
Correlational design.
Experimental design.
Naturalistic observation design.

Sarah, a graduate student in psychology, just heard about a five-year-old child who has already learned calculus. She is thinking about doing an in-depth study of the child for her dissertation because such early-life math skill is so rare. Sarah in considering which research method?

Naturalistic observation.
Experiment.
Independent Study.
Case study.

psychologists who want to find out about people's personalities or interests would find a(n) ____ an effective research tool.

Naturalistic observation.
Experiment.
Case Study.
Questionnaire.

Dr. Potter, an English professor, is curious about his students' abilities toward one of his favorite books. What research method is he most likely to use to gather this information?

Case study.
Survey.
Experiment.
Naturalistic observation.

The most important factor in ensure that one's results apply to other people in other settings is to use ____.

Extremely large sample sizes.
Extremely small sample sizes.
Random assignment.
Random Selection.

Sue asked three of her friends after class if they thought the test they just finished taking was as easy as she thought it was. They all agreed that is was. She was surprised to find out the next day that, although she and her friends had indeed done well, a majority of the class had failed. Why shouldn't Sue have been surprised?

Most of the students did not study for the test.
She did not use random selection when asking people about the test.
Students should have been randomly assigned to take the tests on different days.
Her friends shouldn't have expressed their views regarding the test.

Dr. Sparks is concerned because he gave Julie a new intelligence test that he personally designed and her scores do not seem very consistent. With which aspect of psychological testing is Dr. Sparks concerned?

Validity.
Self-report measures.
Reliability.
Falsifiability.

Jack, Martin, and Gene are all psychologists who are asked to consult on a difficult case. They are all given the results of a particular client's Rorschach Test and are asked to come up with independent assessments of the results. All three psychologists have approximately the same level of training, and their findings are very similar. From a research perspective, one could say that there was a high level of ____ reliability between the three reports.

Interrater.
Construct.
External.
Predictive.

A group of students watch a videotape of two managers interacting with their subordinates at a customer service desk in a department store. Students see one of the managers act in a friendly and respectful manner toward all of the employees. The other manager is less friendly but still respectful toward the employees. What concept would explain the more positive ratings on other dimensions for the friendly manager as compared to the less friendly manager?

The central tendency error.
The halo effect.
The horns effect.
The leniency effect.

If you are interested in examining the relationship between the number of class days missed and one's subsequent semester grade point average, you would be best served to use a(n) ____ design to study this question.

Case study.
Correlational.
Experimental.
Naturalistic observation.

If there is no discernible relationship between scores on a students' homework assignments and their exam scores in an introductory biology class, we would say that a(n) ____ correlation exists.

Inverse.
Negative.
Positive.
Zero.

As the average daily temperature in Des Moines, Iowa, decreases, the number of persons who are observes wearing sweaters in the workplace increases. This is an example of a ____ correlation.

Causal.
Negative.
Positive.
Zero.

Matthew believes that the bath water his daddy has run for him is too hot and is going to burn him. Even thought the water is only slightly above warm, the minute Matthew sticks his foot in the water, he pulls it out, cries, and says that the water burned him. Matthew's perception of being in pain is due to the ____ effect.

Zaigarnik.
Nocebo.
Barnum.
Placebo.

In one of the most shameful violations of research ethics to date, nearly 400 African American men from ____ were not informed that they had been diagnosed with syphilis and were not provided with available, effective treatments for this illness.

Tuskegee.
Baton Rouge.
Biloxi.
Montgomery.

Which ethical requirement of research was not present in the Tuskegee experiment, in which nearly 400 African American men were not told they had syphilis and were denied treatment for its symptoms?

Anonymity.
Confidentiality.
Informed consent.
Debriefing.

If Dr. Shioux wants to conduct research that will involve human participants at his university, he will have to submit a summary of the study to a(n) ____ before he can actually proceed. This will act as a form of protection for the participants he intends to enroll in his research.

Subjects rights committee(SRC).
Institutional rights committee(IRB).
Human resources investigation panel(HRIP).
Ethics assurance board(EAB).

Dr. Williams believes that by administering brief electric shocks to his students, he can improve their attention to his lectures. He blames daydreaming and inattention by his students for their poor performance in his class. His colleagues are not convinced that the potential benefits to the students will outweigh the physical pain they may endure. Ultimately, what will Dr. Williams have to obtain from his students before proceeding?

Medical records.
A debriefing of the results of the study.
Information about the students' parents.
Informed consent.

Professor Wagner is explaining to his subjects the purpose behind the experiment they just participated in, along with a general description of the results. He needs to do this because the research involved some deception of the participants so they would not be influenced by knowing the true purpose of the study. He is engaging in what aspect of a research study?

Debriefing.
Informed consent.
Ethical considerations.
Ethical consent.

A university president asks her psychology department chair if the university has more male or more female undergraduate psychology majors. What measure of central tendency is she asking about?

Mean.
Median.
Mode.
Range.

____ communication is a process that involves one person sitting next to a child with autism spectrum disorder for the purpose of helping that child type out words and sentences. Research has demonstrated that is was an invalid way of assisting these children with communication deficits.

Applied research.
Facilitated.
Conceptual.
Divergent.